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Abstract

Under international law, a state is immune from execution or judgement before any foreign jurisdiction. However, parallel with the urge to international transaction including between a state and a corporate, the international community demand a “protection” to the right of a corporate against a foreign government. Thus, international law is introducing a new doctrine of state immunity. Under the restrictive immunity, a state waives its right to immunity so long it become a party in a commercial transaction. On the other hand, the older doctrine which is absolute immunity, is giving the full protection to the state to any claim against it including its assets and properties. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the current issue regarding the state immunity under international commercial transaction from the perspective of international law. The methodology used for this paper is library research. The research concludes that a sovereign is still having its immunity against any claim brought under international commercial transaction with certain conditions as required under international law.

Bahasa Abstract

Dalam hukum internasional, suatu negara memiliki imunitas atas putusan peradilan yang memiliki yurisdiksi yang berbeda. Namun demikian, adanya tuntutan dari masyarakat internasional untuk perlindungan terhadap korporasi dalam transaksi internasional melahirkan doktrin baru dalam imunitas negara. Berdasarkan doktrin imunitas terbatas, suatu negara dianggap melepaskan imunitasnya jika melibatkan diri dalam transaksi komersil. Hal ini berbeda dengan doktrin imunitas absolut yang pertama kali diperkenalkan dalam hukum internasional yang memberikan perlindungan penuh atas suatu negara. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah mengelaborasi isu-isu terbaru terkait imunitas negara yang melakukan transaksi internasional dari sudut pandang hukum internasional. Metodologi yang digunakan adalah melalui pendekatan studi pustaka. Dari pendekatan tersebut didapat kesimpulan bahwa sebuah negara masih memiliki imunitasnya meskipun menjadi salah satu pihak dalam transaksi komersial selama transaksi tersebut memenuhi beberapa kondisi dalam hukum internasional.

References

Andrew T. Guzman “How International Law Works: A Rational Choice Theory”, Oxford University Press, 2008.

Brussels Convention for the Unification of Certain Rues Relating to the Immunity of State-Owned Vessels, opened for signature 10 April 1926, LNTS 176 (entered into force 8 January 1936).

Christopher Shortell, “Rights, Remedies, and the Impact of State Sovereign Immunity”, State University of New York Press, 2008

Ernest K. Bankas, “The State Immunity Controversy in International Law”, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005.

James Crawford, “Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law 9th Edition”, Oxford University Press, 2019

Justice Woo Bih Li “State Immunity in Commercial Dispute – An Overview of Singapore Law & A Re-visit to The Absolute Doctrine of State Immunity”, The Fifth Judicial Seminar on Commercial Litigation. 2016.

Mauro Rubino – Sammartano “International Arbitration Law and Practice”. Kluwer Law International. 2001.

Moses, Margaret L. “The Principles and practice of International Commercial Arbitration”, Cambridge University Press. 2008.

Oguno, Paschal “The Concept of State Immunity Under International Law: An Overview”, International Journal Law Vol.2 Issue 5. 2016.

Routledge Research in International Law: China’s One Belt One Road Initiative and Private International Law”, Routledge, 2018

Roy Goode, Herbert Kronke, and Ewan McKendrick, “Transnational Commercial Law Texts, Cases and Material Second Editions”, Oxford University Press, 2015

Rosalyn Higgins, Philippa Webb, Dapo Akande, Sandesh Sivakumaran, James Sloan, “Part 2 the United Nations: What it is, 16 United Nations Privileges and Immunities”, Oxford University Press, 2015

Sinclair, op. cit., and Dunbar, op. cit., Markesinis, The changing law of sovereign immunity (1977)

Symeon C. Symeonides “Choice of Law”, Oxford University Press, 2016.

Wiesinger, Mag. Eva “State Immunity from Enforcement Measures”, University of Vienna. 2006.

Xiaodong Yang, “State Immunity in International Law”, 2012

Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, 2004. 2 December 2004 (not yet entered into force).

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