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Abstract

This research aims to describe the strategies used to eliminate discrimination against women through academic-based programs conducted in universities. This includes the International Law, a powerful reference for teaching material in legal education used to promote humanity. Presently, globalization of law is marked in the International Law-making process by delegates from various countries, which spreads to State parties through ratification with a significant impact on legal reform. A number of senior female professors have initiated the socialization and implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW Convention). This was conducted through the ratification of Law No. 7 of 1984, which has been continued by the younger scholars. The establishment of the Convention Watch Working Group of Universitas Indonesia is a fame of light for academics to accomplish their duties to educate and literate law students, legal practitioners, law enforcers, and the wider communities. The process of promoting the CEDAW Convention and strengthening gender equality has been spread to many universities in Indonesia within 30 years, mainly through the program of Engendering Faculties of Law's Curriculum. Presently, no fewer than 75 law faculties in Indonesia provide a lecture on "Gender and Law", with hundreds of law lecturers actively participating in various activities through interdisciplinary collaboration with women's movement and civil society ranging from the local, national, and regional levels. The old history of the Indonesian women's movement before the nation’s independence was carried out by young female law academics. This category of people played important roles in enforcing democracy and justice mainly for the underserved communities.

References

Treaties

Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (open for signature 18 December 1979, entered into force on 3 September 1981).

Legislations

Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Ratifikasi Konvensi PBB tentang Penghapusan segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan. UU Nomor 7 Tahun 1984 (Law on the Ratification of The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women, Law No. 7 Year 1984).

Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual. UU Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 (Law on the Crime of Sexual Violence, Law No.12 Year 2022).

Books and Book Chapters

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Chamallas, Martha. Introduction to Feminist Legal Theory, Second Edition. United States: Aspen Publisher, 2003.

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Irianto, Sulistyowati, et al. “Pluralisme Hukum Kewarisan Islam dalam Pemaknaan dan Praktik: Studi di Cianjur, Jawa Barat [Pluralism of Islamic Inheritance Law in meaning and Practice: A Study in Cianjur, West Java].” In Pluralisme Hukum Waris dan Keadilan Perempuan [Pluralism of Islamic Law and Women’s Justice], edited by Sulistyowati Irianto. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2017.

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Irianto, Sulistyowati. “Pluralisme Hukum Dalam Perspektif Global [Legal Pluralism in a Global Perspective].” In Sociolegal Studies, edited by Bedner, Irianto, Otto and Wirastri. Jakarta: Pustaka Larasan, 2012.

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Munti, Ratna Batara. “Kekerasan Seksual: Mitos dan Realitas, Kelemahan Aturan dan Proses Hukum, Serta Strategi Menggapai Keadilan [Sexual Violence: Myths and Reality, The Weakness of Legal Substance and Its Procedure, and the Strategy to Access Justice].” in Indonesian Women in Changing Society [Perempuan Indonesia di Tengah Masyarakat yang Sedang Berubah], edited by E. Kristi Poerwandari and Rahayu Surtiati Hidayat. Jakarta: Women’s Studies Program Universitas Indonesia, 2000.

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Journal Articles

Griffiths, John, “What is Legal Pluralism”, Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 18, (1986): 1-55 DOI: 10.1080/07329113.1986.10756387.

https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2021.2004782.

Irianto, Sulistyowati, Titiek Kartika Hendrastiti & Tirtawening. “Mobile people in global migration and the working of law: a reflection on the role of legal pluralism.” Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 53, no. 3 (2021): 367–382.

Kasuma, Iva. “Women and Law: From A Bonus Subject to An Alternative Subject.” Law, Society and Development 5, no. 1 (2011).

Kristiningsih, D. and Iva Kasuma. “Settlement of Online Child Sexual Exploitation Cases in Indonesia (Cases Study: Facebook Group “Club Brondong Puncak’ and ‘Official Candy’s Group’).” PEOPLE: International Journal of Social Science 4, (2018): 482-495. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2018.43.482495.

Reddock, Rhoda. “CEDAW and Violence Against Women: Reflections After 40 Years.” Violence Against Women 28, no. 8 (2022):1723-1727

Saraswati, Rika. “Gender Bias in Indonesian Courts: Is Perma No. 3 of 2017 the Solution for Gender-Based Violence Cases?” Laws 10, no. 1 (2021). DOI:10.3390/laws10010002

Violin, Gisela and Yvonne Kezia Nafi. “Protection of Online Gender-Based Violence Victims: A Feminist Legal Analysis.” Indonesian Journal of Socio-Legal Studies 1, no. 2 (2022). Available at https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/ijsls/vol1/iss2/6.

Internet References

____.International Commission of Jurist UN Committee on The Elimination of Discrimination Against Women in views of Its Examination of the 8th Periodic Report of Indonesia under the CEDAW Convention, September 2021, available at Indonesia-CEDAW-Report-on-Indonesia-Advocacy-Non-Legal-Submission-2021-ENG.pdf (icj.org).

Armenia Association of Women with Education Center for Gender Studies. “Implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in the Republic of Armenia in 2002-2007 Alternative Report.” Armenia, 2007. Accessed on June 1 2022, http://www.aawue.am/Alternativ_report_eng.pdf.

Columbia Law School Human Rights Institutes. “Gender Equity Through Human Rights: Local Efforts to Advance the Status of Women and Girls in the United States.” January 2017. Accessed on 15 June 2022, https://web.law.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/microsites/human-rights institute/gender_equity_through_human_rights_for_publication.pdf.

Gwen Drury, “The Wisconsin Idea: The Vision that Made Wisconsin Famous,” accessed 18 February 2022, https://morgridge.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2017/02/wi-idea-history-intro-summary-essay.pdf.

Hopper, Jim. “Freezing During Sexual Assault and Harassment.” Psychology Today, 3 April 2018. Accessed 20 June 2022, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sexual-assault-and-the-brain/201804/freezing-during-sexual-assault-and-harassment.

Indonesia National Commission on Violence against Women. “Commemoration of International Women’s Day and Launching of the Annual Report 2022.” Accessed 8 March 2022, https://komnasperempuan.go.id/siaran-pers-detail/peringatan-hari-perempuan-internasional-2022-dan-peluncuran-catatan-tahunan-tentang-kekerasan-berbasis-gender-terhadap-perempuan.

Kang, Millilan, Donovan Lessard, Laura Heston, Sonny Nordmarken. “Introduction to Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies.” University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries, 2017, accessed on 15 June 2022, https://openbooks.library.umass.edu/introwgss.

Nasution, Marina and Reka Kajaksana. “Activists: Indonesian Government Seems Don’t Understand The Purpose of CEDAW.” Konde, 18 November 2021, https://www.konde.co/2021/11/activists-indonesian-government-seems-dont-understand-the-purpose-of-cedaw.html/.

Others

Muharomah, Defirentia One. “Membaca Relasi Kuasa Dalam Kasus Kekerasan Seksual di Kampus [Reading the Power Relation of Sexual Violence Cases in University],” Rifka Annisa, 22 May 2018, accessed 8 May 2022, https://rifka-annisa.org/id/berita/blog/item/634-membaca-relasi-kuasa-dalam-kekerasan-seksual-di-kampus.

Rahayu, Ninik. Politik Hukum Penghapusan Kekerasan di Indonesia, (Legal Politics of the Elimination of Violence in Indonesia). 2018. Dissertation, Faculty of Law, University of Jember.

Surandi, Tuti Alawiyah. The Politics of Identity of Islam and Women's Rights (A Case Study of the Process of the Implementation of the Islamic Shari'a in Serang Banten). 2004. Thesis in the Postgraduate Program in Women's Studies in Universitas Indonesia.

UN Committee on the Elimination Discrimination against Women, General Recommendation No.35 on gender-based violence against women, updating general recommendation No.19, 26 July 2017.

United Nations for Development Program, “Making the Law Work for everyone: Vol 1 – Report of the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor,” 2008, available at https://www.un.org/ruleoflaw/files/Making_the_Law_Work_for_Everyone.pdf.

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