•  
  •  
 

Abstract

The debate to make a balance between exercising the freedom of expression and the right to privacy has never reached a global consensus, even among the European Union member states. In relation to the copyright law, there are no prohibitions or limitations in taking photographs, but the right to privacy has to be taken into account. The problems between the act of taking photographs and its limitation regarding the right to privacy have been increased to a new level with the development of copyright law, called the freedom of panorama, which might allow taking photographs of private properties without having to gain prior consent.

References

Books and Chapters in Books: Alston, Philip and Ryan Goodman. International Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Austin, Graeme and Laurence R Helfer. Human Rights and Intellectual Property: Mapping the Global Interface. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Cornish, William. Cases and Materials on Intellectual Property. 5th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2006. Craig, P. P. and G de Búrca. The Evolution of EU Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. ______. EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.van Dijk, Pieter, Fried van Hoof, Arjen van Rijn, and Leo Zwaak (ed) .Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights. Oxford: Intersentia, 2006). Fairhurst, John. Law of the European Union. Essex: Pearson Education Ltd, 2007. Di Federico, Giacomo (ed). The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights: From Declaration to Binding Instrument. Springer, 2011. Garner, Bryan A. and Henry Campbell. Black Black’s Law Dictionary. St. Paul: West Publishing, 2009. Garnett, Kevin, Gillian Davies and Gwilym Harbottle. Copinger and Skone James on Copyright. 16th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2011. Goldstein, Paul and P. Bernt Hugenholtz. International Copyright: Principles, Law, and Practice. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Harris, D.J., M. O’Boyle, E.P. Bates, and C.M. Buckley (ed). Law of the European Convention on Human Rights. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. von Lewinski, Silke. International Copyright Law and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008. Mowbray, Alastair. Cases and Materials on the European Convention on Human Rights. London: Butterworths, 2001. Ricketson, Sam and Jane C. Ginsburg. International Copyright and Neighbouring Rights: The Berne Convention and Beyond. 2 vol. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. Rosén, Jan. “Copyright and freedom of expression in Sweden – private law in a constitutional context” in Paul Torremans (ed). Copyright Law: A Handbook of Contemporary Research. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2007. UNESCO and World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Laws and Treaties of the World. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1997. Zelezny, John D. Communications Law: Liberties, Restraints, and the Modern Media. 4th ed. California: Wadworths Publishing Company, 1997. Journal Articles: Blackstock, Jodie. “The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Scope and Competence” The EU Charter of Fundamental Rights Conference. 2012. Chinkin, C.M. “The Challenge of Soft Law: Development and Change in International Law”. International and Comparative Law Quarterly. Vol. 38. 1989. Newell, Bryce Clayton. “Freedom of Panorama: A Comparative Look at International Restrictions on Public Photography”. Creighton Law Review. Vol. 44. 2011. Grnchalla-Wesierski, Tadensz. “A Framework for Understanding “Soft Law”” McGill Law Journal. Vol. 30. 1984. Hughes, Justin. “The Photographer’s Copyright - Photograph as Art, Photograph as Database” Harvard Journal of Law & Technology. Vol. 25. 2012. Marlin, Richard. “The External Affairs Power and Environmental Protection in Aus-tralia” Federal Law Review. Vol. 24. 1996. Palombella, Gianluigi. “From Human Rights to Fundamental Rights. Consequences of a conceptual distinction.” EUI Working Paper Law. Vol. 34. 2006. Internet References: Brown, Ian. “Implementing the EU Copyright Directive” Foundation for Information Regional, H. (n.d.). Warta Berita terkini dan terbaru hari ini. Retrieved June 10, 2015, from http://www.harianregional.com/ available at: http://ec.europa.eu/ “Freedom of Expression” Human Rights Education Associates, available at: http:// Buletin, L., 2017. Berita Terkini. [Online] Available at: http://www.buletinlokal.com/ “Primary law” (12 August 2010) Europa, available at: http://europa.eu/ “The Council of Europe in brief” Council of Europe, available at: http://www.coe.int/ “The direct effect of European law” (22 September 2010) Europa, available at: http:// europa.eu/ Treaties: Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (opened for signature 15 April 1994, entry into force 1 January 1995). Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (opened for signature 9 September 1886, last amended 28 September 1979, entry into force 19 November 1984). Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (opened for signature 7 December 2000, entry into force 1 December 2009). Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and /related rights in the information society [2001] OJ L167/10. Directive 2006/116/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights [2006] OJ L372/12. European Convention on Human Rights (opened for signature 4 November 1950, entry into force on 3 September 1953), Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Rights (opened for signature 4 November 1950, entry into force on 3 September 1953),Treaty on European Union (opened for signature 7 February 1992, entry into force on 1 November 1993, last amended 1 December 2009), Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union [2010] OJ C83/13. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (adopted 10 Dec. 1948 UNGA Res 217 A (III)). World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty (opened for signature 20 December 1996, entry into force 6 March 2002). Legislations: Germany. GesetzüberUrheberrecht und verwandteSchutzrechte 1998. [trans. Act on Copyright and Related Rights, available in UNESCO and World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Laws and Treaties of the World (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, 1997)]. Italy. Protezione del dirittod’autore e di altridiritticonnessi al suoesercizio 2008. [trans. Law for the Protection of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights, available in UNESCO and World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Laws and Treaties of the World (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Paris, 1997)]. New Zealand. Copyright Act 1994. United Kingdom. Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Cases: European Court of Human Rights Axel Springer Ag v Germany, ECHR, Grand Chamber (Feb. 7, 2012). European Court of Justice Case C-112/00 Schmidberger v Austria [2003] ECR I-5659. Case 5/08 Infopaq International [2009] ECR I-6569. Case 403/08 Football Association Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others [2011]. Case 429/08 Karen Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd [2011]. Case 145/10 Eva-Maria Painer v Standard VerlagsGmbH and Others [2011]. New Zealand Radford v Hallenstein Bros Ltd HC Auckland CIV 2006-404-004881, 22 February 2007. United Kingdom Bernstein of Leigh (Baron) v Skyviews & General Ltd [1978] 1 QB 479 (QB).

Share

COinS