•  
  •  
 

Abstract

To join the international community in committing protection to human rights, Indonesia consequently manifested the commitment through its constitution. However, there are still homework need to be done, including how to clarify the meaning of retrospective, also acknowledged as ‘retroaktif’, indicated in the Article 28I (1) of the 1945 Constitution. Three retrospective cases decided by the Constitutional Court were used to examine Indonesian practitioners’ understanding on retrospective principle in line with human rights, they are cases of Masykur of Terrorism Law, Abilio Soares of Human Rights Court Law, and ex members of banned political Party-PKI in General Election Law. Through these cases, it is interestingly seen that retrospective issues of human rights were implemented variously according to the interests in national socio-political needs. This made retrospectivity issue within human rights still open to be discussed more in setting up Indonesian human rights.

References

Almqvist, J. (Ed.). (2005). Human Rights, Culture, and the Rule of Law: Hart Publishing. Asplund, K. D., Marzuki, S., & Riyadi, E. (Eds.). (2008). Hukum Hak Asasi Manusia. Yogyakarta: Pusat Studi Hak Asasi Manusia Universitas Islam Indonesia (PUSHAM UII) Asshiddiqie, J. (2005). Konstitusi dan Konstitusionalisme Indonesia: Konstitusi Press Bassiouni, M. C., & Wise, E. M. (1995). Aut dedere aut judicare: the duty to extradite or prosecute in international law. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Bourchier, D., & Hadiz, V. R. (Eds.). (2003). Indonesian Politics and Society: A Reader. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon. Bunte, M., & Ufen, A. (Eds.). (2009). Democratization in Post-Suharto Indonesia: Routledge. Cheng, B. General Principles of Law as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals: Cambridge Chomsky, N. (1996). Powers and Prospects: Reflections on Human Nature and the Social Order. London: Pluto Press. Clarke, R. (2008). The Bali Bombing, East Timor trials and the Aceh Human Rights Court- retrospectivity, impunity and constitutionalism. In T. Lindsey (Ed.), Indonesia: Law and Society (pp. 430-455). Australia: The Federation Press. Coppel, C. A. (Ed.). (2006). Violent conflict in Indonesia: analysis, representation, resolution New York: Routledge. Dicey, AV Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (10G ed. London: Macmillan, 1959. 202-3. Eldridge, P. J. (2002). The Politics of Human Rights in Southeast Asia: Routledge. Ellis, A. (2005)Constitutional Reform in Indonesia: A Retrospective. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Fitzpatrick, J. (1994). Human rights in crisis: the international system for protecting rights during states of emergency: University of Pennsylvania Press. Francisco Forrest Martin, Stephen J Schanably, Richard J Wilson, Jonathan S Simon, & Mark V Tushnet. (2006 ). International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law : Treaties, cases, and analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies: Harvard University Press. Herbert, J, ‘The Legal framework of human rights in Indonesia’ in Tim Lindsey, Indonesia, Law and Society, (2008) Federation Press, 456. Heryanto, A. (2006). State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia : Fatally belonging: Routledge. Indrayana, D. (2008). Indonesian Constitutional Reform 1999-2002: An Evaluation of Constitution-making in Transition. Jakarta: Kompas Book Publishing. Koch, I. E. (2009). Human Rights as Indivisible Rights: The Protection of SocioEconomic Demands under the European Convention on Human Rights. LEIDEN • BOSTON: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers Lee, K. C. (1999). A fragile nation: the Indonesian Crisis. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Lindsey, T. (Ed.). (2008). Indonesia, Law and Society: Federation Press Newton, R. J. (1990). Retroactive and retrospective legislation and the rule of law. Unpublished LL.M., University of Ottawa (Canada), Canada. Pratsetyo, D. A. (2006). Indonesia’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission as a Mechanism for Dealing with Gross Violations of Human Rights. University of Hong Kong Provost, R. (2002). International Human Rights and Humanitarian law. New York: Cambridge University Press Ramcharan, B. G. (2008). Contemporary Human Rights Ideas. NY Routledge. Rinakit, Sukardi (2005). The Indonesian Military After the New Order, Nordic Institute of Asian Studies; Sampford, C., Louise, J., Blencowe, S., & Round, T. (2006). Retrospectivity and the rule of law New York: Oxford University Press. Schwartz, A., & Paris, J. (Eds.). (1999). The Politics of Post-Suharto Indonesia. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press. Vickers, A. (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia: Cambridge University Press. Wright, S. (2001). International Human Rights, Decolonisation and Globalisation: Becoming Human. New York: Routledge. Journals Ariman, M. r. (2006). Kontroversi Asas Legalistas. Jurnal Equity, 11(1). Bertrand, J. (2002). Legacies of the Authoritarian Past: Religious Violence in Indonesia’s Moluccan Islands. Pacific Affairs, 75(1) Bivitri Susanti. (28-29 May 2002.). Constitution and Court in Indonesia: A narrative. Paper presented at the Symposium on the Reach of Law in the Pacific Rim. Black, H. C. Constitutional Objections to Retrospective and Ex Post Facto Laws. The American Law Register, 34(11 ), Borgwardt, E. (Fall 2008). A New Deal for the Nuremberg Trial: The Limits of Law in Generating Human Rights Norms. Law and History Review, 26(3). Brad R Roth. (2004). Retrospective justice or retroactive standards? Human rights as a sword in the East German leaders case (Vol. 50) Butt, S., & Hansell, D. The Masykur Abdul Kadir Case: Indonesian Constitutional Court Decision No 013/PUU-I/2003. Asian Law Journal, 6. Cecilie, H. (2006). The ‘War on Terror’ and the Framework of International Law. Journal of Peace Research, 43(5), 634. Clarke, R. (2003). Retrospectivity and the Constitutional Validity of the Bali Bombing and East Timor Trials. Asian Law Journal, 5. Colin, W. (2004). The European Response to Terrorism in an Age of Human Rights. European Journal of International Law, 15(5 Corkery, J., & Gerrard, A. ( 2007 ). Retrospectivity. Revenue Law Journal, 17(1). DeMars, G. J. (1983). Retrospectivity and Retroactivity of Civil Legislation Reconsidered Ohio Northern University Law Review, 10(2 ), 253-276. Dingwall, G. (2002). The retrospective effect of s. 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998 (Vol. 66, pp. 445-457). Doherty, M. (2004). Reluctance towards Retroactivity: The Retroactive Application of Laws in Death Penalty Collateral Review Cases, The. Valparaiso University Law Review, 39(2 ), 445-486 Driedger, E. A. (1978). STATUTES : RETROACTIVE RETROSPECTIVE REFLECTIONS. Canadian Bar Review, 65. Edinger, E. (1995). Retrospectivity in Law UBC Law Review, 29(1), 5-25. Emmers, R. (2005). Regional Hegemonies and the Exercise of Power in Southeast Asia: A Study of Indonesia and Vietnam. Asian Survey, 45(4), 645-665. Fergus Kerrigan, & Paul Dalton. (2006). The Human Rights Courts and other mechanisms to combat impunity in Indonesia. Article 2, 5(2), 13-24. Ferguson, P. (2001). Criminal convictionsl retrospectivity and human rights (Vol. 151, pp. 1443(1442)) Fisch, J. E. (1997). Retroactivity and Legal Change: An Equilibrium Approach. Harvard Law Review 110(1055). Gee, J. (2003). Bomber Arrests and Trials Leave Unresolved Questions. The Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, 22(9), 45 Glenn, E. P. (2007). Human Rights in the “War on Terror”. Perspectives on Political Science, 36(3), 181. Glover, R. (2003). Retrospectivity and the Human Rights Act 1998, Journal of Current Legal Issues Goodman, R., & Jinks, D. (2004). How to Influence States: Socialization and International Human Rights Law. Duke Law Journal, 54(3), 621-703 Guillame, G. (2004). Terrorism and International Law. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 53, pp. 37-548 Hadiprayitno, I I, Defensive Enforcement: Human Rights in Indonesia, Human Rights Review (2010) 11 Henle, R. (1994). Principles of Legality: Qualities of Law- Lon Fuller, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. Isidore of Seville American Journal of Jurisprudence, 39(47). Horwitz, A. V. (2002). Toward a new science of social life: A retrospective examination of The Behavior of Law (Vol. 31, pp. 641-644). Ian, B., & Catherine, F. (2007). Terrorism’s Global Dimension. World Policy Journal, 24(1), 61. Ignatieff, M. Human Rights, the Laws of War, and Terrorism. Social Research, Vol. 69(No. 4). John Richard Bowen. (2003). Islam, law, and equality in Indonesia: an anthropology of public reasoning ( illustrated ed.): Cambridge University Press Juratowitch, B. (2004). Retroactive criminal liability and international human rights law (Vol. 75, pp. 337-362). Kaeckenbeeck, G. (1936). Protection of Vested Rights in International Law. British Year Book of International Law, 17. Katz, M. (2004). Plainly Not Error: Adjudicative Retroactivity on Direct Review. Cardozo Law Review, 25(5), 1979-2028. Knight, C., Murphy, M., & Mousseau, M. (2003). The Sources of Terrorism. International Security, 28(2), 192-198. Leonard, C. (2008). Human Rights Guarantees, Constitutional Law, and The Military Commissions Act of 2006. Peace & Change, 33(1), 31. Lewis, J. (2006). Retrospective effect: is article 5 any different? (Vol. 122, pp. 370-374). Luban, David, 2004, A Theory of Crimes Against Humanity, 29 Yale Journal International Law, 85, HeinOnlin Maarten Vlot, ‘Staying the Hand of Vengeance: The Rule of Law and International Human Rights’ (2006) Precedent46, 84, 47. McDonald, M. (1995). Inquiry into the Ethics of Retrospective Liability: The Case of British Columbia’s Bill 26,. University of British Columbia Law Review, 29(1), 63-86. Méndez, J. E. (2001). National Reconciliation, Transnational Justice, and the International Criminal Court. Ethics & International Affairs, 15(1), 25-44. Mokhtar, A. (2005). Nullum crimen, Nulla Poena Sine Lege: Aspects and Prospects. Statute Law Review, 26(1), 41-45. Munzer, S. R. (1977). RETROACTIVE LAW. Journal of Legal Studies, 6, 373-397. Nankyung, C. (2007). Local Elections and Democracy in Indonesia: The Riau Archipelago. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 37(3), 326. Palmer, A., & Sampford, C. (1994)). Retrospective Legislation in Australia: Looking Back at the 1980s Federal Law Review, 22(2), 217-277. Popple, J. (1989). The right to protection from retroactive criminal law. Criminal Law Journal, 13(4), 251-262. Pratikno dan Cornelius Lay, ‘Komnas HAM dan HAM di Bawah Rejim Otoritarian’, Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik. 2 (1999) h.7. Prebble, J., Prebble, R., & Smith, C. V. (2006). Legislation with Retrospective Effect, with Particular Reference to Tax Loopholes and Avoidance. New Zealand Universities Law Review. Rafael, A. (2006). When does retroactive become prospective under Israeli law? (Vol. 41, pp. 625(621)). Ratner, S. R. (2002). Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello after September 11. The American Journal of International Law, 96(4), 905-921. Rhonda, L. C., & Julie, H.-S. (2006). Toward a Theory of Terrorism: Human Security as a Determinant of Terrorism. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 29(8), 773. Roth, B. R. (Spring 2001). Peaceful Transition and Retrospective Justice: Some Reservations (Response to Juan Méndez). Ethics & International Affairs, 15(1). Sabine von, S. (2003). Human Rights: Substantive and Institutional Implications of the War Against Terrorism. European Journal of International Law, 14(2), 265. Salembier, J. P. Understanding Retroactivity: When the Past Just Ain’t What It Used to Be. Hong Kong Law Journal, Vol. 33, p. 99, 2003. Sambanis, N. (2004). What Is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 48(6), 814-858. Sautenet, V. (2000). Crimes Against Humanity And The Principles Of Legality: What Could the Potential Offender Expect?. Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law, 7(1). Schuman, M. (22 Sept. 2008:). “What’s Holding Indonesia Back?” Time International [Asia Edition] 24. Seng, D. K. B. (1996). Of Retrospective Criminal Laws and Prospective Overruling: Revisiting Public Prosecutor v Tan Meng Khin & 24 Ors. Singapore Academy of Law Journal, 8(1). Sheils, W. J. (1990). Nonretroactivity on Habeas Corpus: Whittling at the Great Writ Suffolk University Law Review, 24(3), 743-780. Shellman, S. M., Hatfield, C., & Mills, M. J. ( 2010). Disaggregating actors in intranational conflict. Journal of Peace Research, jpr.sagepub.com, 47(1), 83-90. Sidney, J. (2008). Briefing for the New President: The Terrorist Threat in Indonesia and Southeast Asia. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 618, 69. Singh, B. (2004). The challenge of militant Islam and terrorism in Indonesia. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 58(1), (47)-68. Solingen, E. (2004). Southeast Asia in a New Era: Domestic Coalitions from Crisis to Recovery. Asian Survey, 44(2), 189-212. Strohmeyer, H. (2001). Collapse and Reconstruction of a Judicial System: The United Nations Missions in Kosovo and East Timor. The American Journal of International Law, 95(1), 46-63. Sukma, R. (2003). Democratic Governance and Security in Indonesia. Japanese Journal of Political Science vol.4 ((2) ), pp 241–255 Sukma, R. (2006). War on Terror: The Primacy of National Response. In J. in Monfries (Ed.), Different societies, shared futures : Australia, Indonesia and the region. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Thornton, W. H. (2000). Back to Basics: Human Rights and Power Politics in the New Moral Realism. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 14(2), 315-332. Troy, D. E. (2000). Toward A Definition and Critique of Retroractivity. Alabama Law Review, 51(3). Varshney, A (2008), Analyzing Collective Violence in Indonesia: An Overview, Journal of East Asian Studies 8 (2008), 341-359. Vickery, P. (2008/2009). RETROACTIVE AND RETROSPECTIVE CHARTER REMEDIES: HOW THEY IMPACT CLASS ACTIONS.. National Journal of Constitutional Law;, 25. Waldron, J. (2004). Retroactive Law: How Dodgy Was Duynhoven? Otago Law Review, 8. Woozley, A. D. (1968). What Is Wrong With Retrospective Law? The Philosophical Quarterly, 18(70), 40-53.

Download

Share

COinS