•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Covid-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2). Usia tua (>65 tahun), jenis kelamin laki-laki, hipertensi, penyakit kardiovaskular, diabetes, PPOK dan kanker dapat meningkatkan risiko kematian akibat Covid-19. Kota Tangerang Selatan berpotensi mengalami kenaikan kasus Covid-19 karena berbatasan langsung dengan DKI Jakarta yang merupakan episentrum persebaran Covid-19, sehingga peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian ini. Desain penelitian ini adalah studi analitik kasus kontrol menggunakan data sekunder dari penelusuran epidemiologi (PE) Dinas Kesehatan Kota Tangerang Selatan bulan Maret 2020-Juli 2021. Data PE diperoleh dari portal New All Record (NAR) yang memuat data pasien Covid-19 termasuk identitas, gejala, komorbid, dan status pasien yang dikumpulkan dari wawancara atau anamnesis di fasyankes. Variabel independen pada penelitian ini adalah hipertensi dan variabel dependen adalah kematian pasien Covid- 19 terkonfirmasi positif. Variabel kovariat yang diteliti antara lain usia, jenis kelamin, diabetes mellitus (DM), penyakit kardiovaskular (CVD), gangguan imunologi, penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK), penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK), dan obesitas. Jumlah sampel kelompok kasus dan kontrol masing-masing sebanyak 344 sehingga total sampel adalah 688 sampel. Analisis data yang dilakukan adalah univariat, bivariat, dan multivariat. Proporsi pasien Covid-19 yang memiliki hipertensi pada kelompok kasus adalah 44.77% dan pada kelompok kontrol sebanyak 8.14%. Analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik dihasilkan OR=9.08 (p-value=0.000; 95% CI 4.62-17.84) setelah dikontrol dengan usia, DM, PGK, interaksi hipertensi dan usia, hipertensi dan DM, dan hipertensi dan penyakit kardiovaskular. Penelitian ini memiliki bias informasi karena pengumpulan data berdasarkan anamnesis

References

1. Coronavirus. Accessed October 14, 2021. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus#tab=tab_1

2. World Health Organization. 15-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). World Heal Organ. 2020;(February):1-7.

3. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHOCoronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data.Accessed October 14, 2021. https://covid19.who.int/

4. Peta Sebaran | Covid19.go.id. Accessed October 14, 2021.https://covid19.go.id/peta-sebaran

5. TANGSEL TANGGAP COVID-19. Accessed October 14, 2021.https://lawancovid19.tangerangselatankota.go.id/

6. Han Y, Yang H. The transmission and diagnosis of 2019novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19): A Chineseperspective. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):639-644.

7. Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, et al. Coronavirus Disease2019: Tinjauan Literatur Terkini. J Penyakit Dalam Indones.2020;7(1):45.

8. Parohan M, Yaghoubi S, Seraji A, Javanbakht MH, Sarraf P,Djalali M. Risk factors for mortality in patients withCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection: asystematic review and meta-analysis of observationalstudies. Aging Male. 2020;23(5):1397-1405.

9. RI KK. PEDOMAN PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGENDALIANCORONAVIRUS DISESASE (COVID-19). Published online2020.

10. Jakhmola S, Indari O, Baral B, Kashyap D. ComorbidityAssessment Is Essential During COVID-19 Treatment.2020;11(August):1-7.

11. Albitar O, Ballouze R, Ooi JP, Sheikh Ghadzi SM. Risk factorsfor mortality among COVID-19 patients. Diabetes Res ClinPract. 2020;166:108293. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108293

12. Yin T, Li Y, Ying Y, Luo Z. Prevalence of comorbidity inChinese patients with COVID-19: systematic review andmeta-analysis of risk factors. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1-13.

13. Pititto BDA, Dualib PM, Zajdenverg L, Dantas JR. Severityand mortality of COVID 19 in patients with diabetes ,hypertension and cardiovascular disease/ : a meta analysis.Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;4:1-12.

14. Kemenkes RI. Hasil Riset Kesehatan Dasar Tahun 2018.Kementrian Kesehat RI. 2018;53(9):1689-1699.

15. Nandy K, Salunke A, Pathak SK, et al. Coronavirus disease(COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis toevaluate the impact of various comorbidities on seriousevents. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2020;14(5):1017-1025.

16. Guan W, Liang W, Zhao Y, et al. Comorbidity and its impacton 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China/ : a. 2020;(March2020).

17. Peña JE de la, Rascón-Pacheco RA, Ascencio-Montiel I de J,et al. Hypertension, Diabetes and Obesity, Major Risk Factorsfor Death in Patients with COVID-19 in Mexico. Arch MedRes. 2021;52(4):443-449.

18. Gao C, Cai Y, Zhang K, et al. Association of hypertensionand antihypertensive treatment with COVID-19 mortality: aretrospective observational study. Eur Heart J.2020;41(22):2058-2066.

19. Imam Z, Odish F, Gill I, et al. Older age and comorbidity areindependent mortality predictors in a large cohort of 1305COVID-19 patients in Michigan, United States. J Intern Med.2020;288(4):469-476.

20. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factorsfor mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan,China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet.2020;395(10229):1054-1062.

21. Drew C, Adisasmita AC. Gejala dan komorbid yangmemengaruhi mortalitas pasien positif COVID-19 di JakartaTimur , Maret-September 2020. 2021;3(3):274-283.

22. Pradhan A, Olsson PE. Sex differences in severity andmortality from COVID-19: are males more vulnerable? BiolSex Differ. 2020;11(1):1-11.

23. Tay MZ, Poh CM, Rénia L, MacAry PA, Ng LFP. The trinity ofCOVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. NatRev Immunol. 2020;20(6):363-374. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8

24. Huang J, Xiao Y, Zheng P, et al. Distinct neutrophil countsand functions in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, latentautoimmune diabetes in adults, and type 2 diabetes. DiabetesMetab Res Rev. 2019;35(1):1-10. doi:10.1002/dmrr.306425. Li J, Guo T, Dong D, et al. Defining heart disease risk fordeath in COVID-19 infection. Qjm. 2020;113(12):876-882.

26. Najafi S, Rajaei E, Moallemian R, Nokhostin F. The potentialsimilarities of COVID-19 and autoimmune diseasepathogenesis and therapeutic options: new insightsapproach. Clin Rheumatol. 2020;39(11):3223-3235.

27. Zarêbska-Michaluk D, Jaroszewicz J, Rogalska M, et al.Impact of Kidney Failure on the Severity of COVID-19. J ClinMed. 2021;10(9):2042.

28. Gerayeli F V., Milne S, Cheung C, et al. COPD and the risk ofpoor outcomes in COVID-19: A systematic review and metaanalysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;33:100789.

29. Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, et al. Features of 20133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARICWHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: Prospectiveobservational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369(March):1-12.

30. Azar WS, Njeim R, Fares AH, et al. COVID-19 and diabetesmellitus: how one pandemic worsens the other. Rev EndocrMetab Disord. 2020;21(4):451-463

Download

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.