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Abstract

The rapid increase in smartphone use over the past decade led to prolonged screen time across age groups, particularly during nighttime hours. Exposure to artificial light and pre-sleep digital activities was associated with circadian rhythm disruption and alterations in individual chronotype. This systematic literature review aimed to synthesize empirical evidence on the relationship between smartphone screen time duration and individual chronotype across all age groups and to identify key moderating factors influencing this association. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Articles were screened using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Due to substantial heterogeneity across study designs, populations, and measurement methods, a quantitative–descriptive narrative synthesis was applied. Out of 2,120 identified records, 18 studies met the eligibility criteria. Sixteen studies (88.9%) reported statistically significant associations between longer screen time duration particularly nighttime smartphone use and a greater tendency toward an evening chronotype. The association was strongest and most consistent among adolescents and young adults, whereas weaker or non-significant effects were observed in children and older adults, indicating age as an important biological moderator. Digitally interactive and emotionally stimulating activities, such as social media use and mobile gaming, exerted stronger effects on chronotype shifts than passive screen-based activities. Overall, the findings indicated that the impact of smartphone screen time on chronotype was not uniform but depended on age, type of digital activity, and exposure measurement methods, underscoring the need for targeted, evidence-based digital health interventions.


Keywords: Screen time duration, smartphone, chronotype, circadian rhythm, sleep quality

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Bahasa Abstract

Peningkatan penggunaan smartphone dalam satu dekade terakhir telah mendorong peningkatan durasi screen time pada berbagai kelompok usia, terutama pada malam hari. Paparan cahaya buatan dan aktivitas digital menjelang tidur berpotensi mengganggu ritme sirkadian dan memengaruhi chronotype individu. Tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis bukti empiris mengenai hubungan antara durasi screen time penggunaan smartphone dan chronotype individu pada seluruh kelompok usia, serta mengidentifikasi faktor moderasi utama yang memengaruhi kekuatan hubungan tersebut. Kajian ini dilakukan mengikuti pedoman PRISMA 2020 dengan penelusuran pada basis data PubMed, Scopus, dan ScienceDirect untuk publikasi periode 2015–2025. Artikel diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi yang ketat, kemudian dinilai kualitas metodologinya menggunakan Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist. Sintesis dilakukan secara naratif kuantitatif-deskriptif karena tingginya heterogenitas antar studi. Dari 2.120 artikel yang teridentifikasi, 18 studi memenuhi kriteria untuk dianalisis. Sebanyak 16 studi (88,9%) melaporkan hubungan bermakna antara durasi screen time yang tinggi khususnya penggunaan smartphone pada malam hari dengan kecenderungan evening chronotype. Hubungan ini paling konsisten dan kuat pada kelompok remaja dan dewasa muda, sementara efeknya lebih lemah atau tidak signifikan pada anak-anak dan lansia, menunjukkan peran usia sebagai faktor moderasi biologis. Aktivitas digital yang bersifat interaktif dan menimbulkan stimulasi emosional tinggi menunjukkan dampak yang lebih besar dibandingkan aktivitas pasif, dan studi dengan pengukuran screen time objektif melaporkan kekuatan asosiasi yang lebih tinggi. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa dampak screen time terhadap chronotype tidak bersifat seragam dan memerlukan intervensi kesehatan digital yang lebih spesifik dan berbasis bukti.


Kata Kunci: Screen time, smartphone, chronotype, ritme sirkadian, kualitas tidur

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