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Abstract

Kidney transplant recipients require the use of immunosuppressive agents to prevent multiple organ rejection. Administration of immunosuppressive agents triggers an increased risk of impaired immunity and microbial infections, one of which is cytomegalovirus (CMV). Prevention of cytomegalovirus infection can be given as a prophylaxis or preemptive therapy. However, the efficacy of choosing prophylaxis or preemptive therapy is still under debate, thus we conducted this study to identify current approach in preventing CMV disease in clinical practice. A literature search was carried out using the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and Scopus databases with the keywords “high risk kidney transplant”, “prophylaxis”, “preemptive” and “CMV infection disease”. Inclusion criteria were only studies in adult kidney transplant patients as a population. , prophylaxis as intervention, preemptive therapy as comparison, and cytomegalovirus infection as outcome. The exclusion criteria of this study were the study articles that were not in Bahasa Indonesia or English, case reports and studies with subjects <18 years old. Critical review using Oxford Center for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) Critical Appraisal Tools for Prognostic Study And Systematic Review. The total number of articles identified based on the keywords used is 115 articles. Eliminating duplication with EndNote resulted in 92 articles. Furthermore, exclusion was carried out based on title and abstract so that 29 articles were filtered for which the full text was available. Of these, 23 articles did not have appropriate research questions, 3 studies did not have appropriate patient populations, and 3 articles with types that did not meet the inclusion criteria of this study. As a result, there were 4 articles that can be used in this report. Based on those four articles, it can be concluded that prophylaxis is more effective in preventing CMV disease but had more side effects, when compared to preemptive therapy. However, there was no difference in long term outcome between kidney transplant patients with CMV prophylactic or preemptive therapy.

Bahasa Abstract

Resipien transplantasi ginjal memerlukan penggunaan agen imunosupresif untuk mencegah rejeksi organ multipel. Pemberian agen imunosupresif dapat memicu peningkatan risiko gangguan imunitas dan infeksi mikrobial, salah satunya penyakit cytomegalovirus (CMV). Pencegahan penyakit CMV dapat diberikan sebagai profilaksis atau terapi preemtif. Namun demikian, efektivitas dari profilaksis atau terapi preemtif masih diperdebatkan sehingga studi ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi pendekatan pencegahan penyakit CMV dalam praktik klinis. Pencarian literatur dilakukan menggunakan database PubMed, Cochrane library, Embase dan Scopus dengan kata kunci dalam bahasa inggris “high risk kidney transplant", “prophylaxis”, “preemptive” dan “CMV disease”. Kriteria inklusi yaitu hanya studi pada pasien transplantasi ginjal dewasa sebagai populasi, profilaksis sebagai intervensi, terapi preemtif sebagai pembanding, dan penyakit CMV sebagai luaran. Kriteria eksklusi penelitian ini adalah artikel studi yang bukan dalam Bahasa Indonesia atau Inggris, laporan kasus, serta studi dengan subjek usia <18 tahun. Telaah kritis dilakukan menggunakan Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM) Critical Appraisal Tools for Prognostic Study and Systematic Review. Didapatkan 115 artikel dari hasil pencarian berdasarkan kata kunci yang digunakan. Penyingkiran duplikasi dengan EndNote menghasilkan 92 artikel. Selanjutnya, dilakukan eksklusi berdasarkan judul dan abstrak sehingga tersaring 29 artikel yang tersedia naskah lengkapnya. Dari jumlah tersebut, sebanyak 23 artikel tidak memiliki pertanyaan penelitian yang sesuai, 3 penelitian tidak memiliki populasi pasien yang sesuai, dan 3 artikel dengan jenis yang tidak sesuai kriteria inklusi penelitian ini. Sehingga, terdapat 4 artikel yang dapat digunakan dalam laporan ini. Berdasarkan 4 artikel tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa profilaksis lebih efektif dalam mencegah penyakit CMV, namun memiliki efek samping yang lebih banyak dibandingkan terapi preemtif. Tidak ada perbedaan luaran jangka panjang antara pasien transplantasi ginjal risiko tinggi dengan profilaksis maupun terapi preemtif.

Kata Kunci: Cytomegalovirus, profilaksis, terapi preemtif, transplantasi ginjal

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