•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Almost fifty years after the adoption of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and 189 ratifications, it is interesting to analyze the progress and challenges remaining regarding a unified approach to women’s rights. This paper will focus on Indonesia and France, two countries with different cultural backgrounds and approaches regarding human rights. The research methods are mostly based on lectures of legal journal articles, papers, and recent periodic reports of the Committee that ensure the implementation of the CEDAW. After recalling the historical context of women’s rights in both countries to highlight the challenges that are already present before CEDAW and analyzing the last period’s reports considering articles of the CEDAW to identify progress and challenges remaining, we can conclude that women’s rights through the implementation of CEDAW are still falling short on men’s rights. A worldwide problem seems to be persistent: patriarchal values. A unified approach of the CEDAW is essential to ensure women’s rights worldwide, considering that women’s rights are universal and not just based on Western standards.

Bahasa Abstract

Hampir 50 tahun setelah diadopsinya Konvensi Penghapusan Segala Bentuk Diskriminasi terhadap Perempuan (CEDAW) dan 189 ratifikasi, menarik untuk menganalisa kemajuan dan tantangan yang masih ada terkait dengan pendekatan terpadu terhadap hak-hak perempuan. Makalah ini akan berfokus pada Indonesia dan Perancis yang merupakan negara dengan latar belakang budaya yang berbeda dan terutama negara dengan pendekatan yang berbeda terkait Hak Asasi Manusia. Metode penelitian di sini sebagian besar didasarkan pada kajian terhadap artikel-artikel jurnal hukum, makalah, dan laporan berkala terbaru dari Komite yang memastikan implementasi CEDAW. Setelah mengingat kembali konteks historis hak-hak perempuan di kedua negara untuk menyoroti tantangan yang sudah ada sebelum CEDAW dan menganalisis laporan periode terakhir dengan mempertimbangkan pasal-pasal CEDAW untuk mengidentifikasi kemajuan dan tantangan yang masih ada, kami dapat menyimpulkan bahwa hak-hak perempuan melalui implementasi CEDAW masih jauh lebih rendah daripada hak-hak laki-laki. Masalah yang ada di seluruh dunia tampaknya masih tetap ada: nilai-nilai patriarki. Pendekatan terpadu dari CEDAW sangat penting untuk memastikan hak-hak perempuan di seluruh dunia, mengingat hak-hak perempuan bersifat universal, dalam arti umum, tidak hanya berdasarkan standar Barat.

References

Journal Articles and Periodicals

Courant Communiste Revolutionnaire, Lorita, Enora “L’Hyprocrisie du ‘plan’ Macron contre les violences faites aux femmes [The hypocrisy of Macron's 'plan' against violence against women].” Revolution Permanente (November 2017).

Englehart, Neil A. and Melissa K. Miller, “The CEDAW Effect: International Law's Impact on Women's Rights.” Journal of Human Rights 13, no. 1 (2014): 22–47. doi: 10.1080/14754835.2013.824274.

Fitria Nida, Alya, D. Wening Rizky, R. Ramadhani, R. Andi Fitriono, “Pancasila as the Basis of the State.” Journal of Education Technology Information, Social Sciences and Health 1, no. 2 (2022): 232-235.

Grijns, Mies, Hoko Horii, “Child Marriage in a Village in West Java (Indonesia): Compromises between Legal Obligations and Religious Concerns.” Asian Journal of Law and Society, no. 5 (2018): 453–466.

Krasner, Stephen D. “Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Variables.” International Organization 36, no. 2 (1982): 185–205.

McGregor, Katharine. “Indonesian Women, The Women’s International Democratic Federation and the Struggle for ‘Women’s Rights’, 1946–1965.” Indonesia and the Malay World 40, no. 117 (2012), 193–208. doi: 10.1080/13639811.2012.683680.

Ministère Chargé de l’Egalité entre les Femmes et les Hommes, de la Diversité et de l’Egalité des Chances, “La lettre de l’observatoire national des violences faites aux femmes [The letter from the National Observatory of Violence Against Women] ”, Mission Interministérielle pour la Protection des Femmes contre les Violences et la Lutte contre la Traite des Êtres Humains (MIPROF), no. 18 (2022).

Mullins, Lauren Bock. “CEDAW: The Challenges of Enshrining Women’s Equality in International Law.” Public Integrity, no. 20 (2018): 257–272. doi: 10.1080/10999922.2017.1381542.

Neumayer, Eric. “Do International Human Rights Treaties Improve Respect for Human Rights.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49, no. 6. (2005): 925–953. doi: 10.1177/0022002705281667.

Santi, Syaiku, Rafit Patrajaya, and Norwili. “Implementation of convention results international CEDAW against women that deals with the law.” International Conference on Islam, Law and Society (INCOILS), Conference Proceedings, (2022).

Agung, Ayu Nanda Saraswati Anak. “The Discourse of Reservations to CEDAW on Women’s Rights in Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia.” Indonesian Journal of International Law 19, no. 4 (2022): 515-538.

Sri Nurcahyani. “Implementation of Marriage Law no. 16 of 2019 in Preventing Early Marriage in Subang District.” Legal Brief 10, no. 2 (2021): 1–6.

Books and Book Chapters

Simone de Beauvoir. Le deuxième sexe [The second sex]. Paris: Gallimard, 1949.

Ter Haar, Barend. Adat Law in Indonesia. Bhratara, 1962.

Legal Documents

United Nations, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Eighty-sixth session 9–28 October 2023 Item 4 of the provisional agenda Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women Replies of France to the list of issues and questions in relation to its ninth periodic report. CEDAW/C/FRA/RQ/9 (5 July 2023).

United Nations, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Ninth periodic report submitted by France under article 18 of the Convention, due in 2020. CEDAW/C/FRA/9 (6 April 2021).

United Nations. Déclaration sur les réserves à la Convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination à l’égard des femmes [Declaration on the reserves regarding the Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women]. A/53/38/Rev.1 (1998).

United Nations Development Fund for Women, Waldorf, Lee. CEDAW and the Human Rights Based Approach to Programming. (2007).

United Nations, Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. Concluding observations on the eighth-period report of Indonesia. CEDAW/C/IDN/CO/8 (24 November 2021).

United Nation. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. (1948).

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. 1155 UNTS 331 (opened for signature 23 May 1969, entered into force 27 January 1980).

Web Sources

Amnesty International. “Women’s Rights: Why is it important to stand up for women’s rights.” Accessed 16 Jun 2023. https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we do/discrimination/womensrights/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&gclid=CjwKCAjwv8qkBhAnEiwAkYahqYAxFEOUVCdeQOtKdsreXwJCgb3noHNmh_0hS3JJNL4R2X6DMd8DBoCXCsQAvD_BwE.

Bayefsky. “Reservations and Declarations — France.” Accessed 23 April 2023. http://www.bayefsky.com/html/france_t2_cedaw.php.

“Celles qui Osent [Those who Dare] ” , Histoire du Féminisme Français, Culture, accessed 1 May 2023 https://urlz.fr/mcu9.

European Institute for Gender Equality. “Gender Equality Index: France 2022.” Accessed 27 April 2023. https://eige.europa.eu/gender-equalityindex/2022/country/FR#:~:text=With%2075.1%20out%20of%20100,points%20above%20the%20EU's%20score.

Ministère chargé de l’Egalité entre les Femmes et les Hommes, de la Diversité et de l’Egalité des Chances. “Chiffres-clé 2021: Vers l’égalité réelle entre les femmes et les homme [Key figures 2021: Towards real equality between women and men]”. Accessed 27 April 2023. https://www.egalite-femmes-hommes.gouv.fr/sites/efh/files/migration/2022/02/Chiffres-cles-EFH-2021-VEN.pdf [english version].

Musawah. “CEDAW and Muslim Family Law.” Accessed 27 April 2023. https://www.musawah.org/resources/knowledge-building-brief-4-cedaw-and-muslim-family-laws-en/.

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “Introduction to the Committee.” Accessed 25 April 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/treaty-bodies/cedaw/introduction-committee.

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “UN Treaty Body Database: Ratification Status for France.” Accessed 25 April 2023. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=62&Lang=EN.

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. “UN Treaty Body Database: Ratification Status for Indonesia.” Accessed 25 April 2023. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?CountryID=62&Lang=EN.

Statista Research Department. “Share of Muslim Population SEA 2023, by country.” Accessed ,27 April 2023 https://www.statista.com/statistics/1113906/southeast-asia-muslim-population-forecasted-share-by-country/.

United Nations. “Information on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.” Accessed 23 April 2023. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights.

UN Treaty Collection. “Details on the Status of CEDAW: France.” Accessed 23 April 2023. https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&clang=_en#EndDec.

UN Treaty Collection. “Details on the Status of CEDAW: Indonesia.” Accessed 23 April 2023. https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&clang=_en#EndDec.

UN Women. “Interactive timeline of women’s rights.” Accessed 23 April 2023. https://interactive.unwomen.org/multimedia/timeline/womenunite/en/index.html?gclid=Cj0KCQjw7PCjBhDwARIsANo7CglRl73q1aGXkox9xqzYjscGBiClAbte318OE-Z_OuQU32AxGoC8MbYaAgb6EALw_wcB#/closing.

UN Women. “Reservations to CEDAW.” Accessed 25 April 2023. https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reservations.htm.

Others

Andrea Bescond, further information on Instagram: @andrea_bescond.

Lange, Katrin. “Awareness and application of CEDAW in the judicial systems of Germany and France.” Observatory for Sociopolitical Developments in Europe, Working Paper no. 15 (2017).

Olympe de Gouges. Déclaration des Droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne, [Declaration of the Woman and the Citizen] (1791), https://gallica.bnf.fr/essentiels/anthologie/declaration-droits-femme-citoyenne-0.

Sumampouw-Lapian. World Congress of Women: reports, speeches (extracts), documents (Berlin: Women’s International Democratic Federation, 1953).

Sulami. “Seven Girls.” Women of the Whole World 4, printed magazine, (1963): 30–32.

Share

COinS