•  
  •  
 

Abstract

This article explores the transformation of ruwatan (purification) rituals in Java from the fifteenth century to the twenty-first century, focusing on the changes that occurred based on archaeological relics and texts related to ruwatan rituals. A thorough study in connecting archaeological relics, such as reliefs in Sukuh Temple, with puja (ritual worship) texts used in ruwatan rituals and the transformation of these texts from their origins within Kawi culture through to the Islamic period and the present day, has not been attempted. This research aims to identify and analyse the transformation of ruwatan rituals from the fifteenth century, as reflected in the reliefs at Sukuh Temple and in texts such as Aji Saraswati and Bhīma Swarga, to texts of the modern era, including the Serat Centhini, Serat Hong Ilaheng, and Lakon Wayang Ruwatan Murwakala. Through an interdisciplinary approach combining archaeological and manuscript-based research, this study shows how ruwatan rituals remain relevant and adapt to the changing socio-cultural context of Java, maintaining cosmological balance and strengthening the order of Javanese society over time.

References

Acri, Andrea. 2021. “Pañcakuśika dan Kanda Mpat: Dari Mitos Pāśupata ke Folklor Bali”, in: Andrea Acri, Dari Siwaisme Jawa ke agama Hindu Bali, pp. 151-185. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.

Agusta, R. 2018. “I Sakala Dihyang; Relasi prasasti akhir Majapahit dan naskah-naskah Merapi-Merbabu”, Jumantara: Jurnal Naskah Nusantara 9: 49-68.

Darmoko, D. 2002. “Ruwatan; Upacara pembebasan malapetaka tinjauan sosiokultural masyarakat Jawa”, Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia 6(1): 30-36.

Diodhora, D. 2010. “Serat Hong Ilaheng; Suatu tinjauan filologis”. Undergraduate thesis, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.

Geria, Anak Agung Gede Alit. 2018. “Aji Saraswati; Tradisi Merapi-Merbabu”. [Paper presented at the Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sastra Agama dan Pendidikan Bahasa, Bali.]

Gunawan, Aditia. 2019. Bhīma Svarga; Teks Jawa Kuno abad ke-15 dan penurunan naskahnya. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasional RI.

Hasyim, R.S. 2019. Ruwatan Murwakala Cirebon. Jakarta: Perpusnas Press.

Hooykaas, Christiaan. 1964. Āgama Tīrtha; Five studies in Hindu-Balinese religion. Amsterdam: N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.

Jenkins, Ron. 2014. Saraswati in Bali; A temple, a museum, and a mask. Bali: The Agung Rai Museum of Art (ARMA) in association with BAB Publishing Indonesia.

Juynboll, H.H. 1906. Ādiparwa. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Koentjaraningrat. 1984. Kebudayaan Jawa. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.

Kurniawan, Abimardha. 2016. “Samadhining Anglayaraken Anak Mitra; Antara lautan dan pegunungan”, Manuskripta 6: 41-65.

Kurniawan, Abimardha. 2019. Uttaraśabda; Suntingan teks disertai telaah fungsi teks di skriptorium Merapi-Merbabu abad ke-17. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.

Linus, I Ketut. 1991. “Dewi Saraswati: Arti dan peranannya; Sebuah tinjauan sejarah kebudayaan”, Widya Pustaka, 73-84.

Manuaba, I.B.A.L. and I.A.M.I. Utami. 2017. Nawa Sanga conspiracy; Secrets behind ancient Balinese emblem of unity, pp. 32-39. [DOI: 10.2991/icirad-17.2017.7.]

Noorduyn, J. 1978. “Majapahit in the fifteenth century”, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 2(3): 207-274.

Pigeaud, Th.G.Th. 1924. De Tantu Panggĕlaran; Een Oud-Javaansch prozageschrift, uitgegeven, vertaald en toegelicht. ’s-Gravenhage: Nederl. Boek en Steendrukkerij voorheen H.L. Smits.

Purwanto, H. and C.P. Titasari. 2020. “Mandala Kadewaguruan; Tempat pendidikan keagamaan di Lereng Barat Gunung Lawu abad XIV-XV Masehi”, Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 5(1): 13-42.

Robson, S. O. 2008. Arjunawiwāha; The marriage of Arjuna of Mpu Kaṇwa. Leiden: KITLV Press.

Robson, S.O. and H. Sidomulyo. 2021. Threads of the unfolding web; The Old Javanese Tantu Panggĕlaran. Singapore: ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute.

Rubinstein, Raechelle. 2000. Beyond the realm of the senses; The Balinese ritual of kakawin composition. Leiden: KITLV Press.

Santiko, H. 2012. “Agama dan pendidikan agama pada masa Majapahit”, Amerta, 30(2): 123-133.

Setyani, T.I. 2017. Struktur, kategori, fungsi, dan peran Mandala dalam teks Tantu Panggelaran. PhD thesis, Universitas Indonesia, Depok.

Setyawati, K., I.K. Wiryamartana, and Willem van der Molen. 2002. Katalog naskah Merapi-Merbabu Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Stein Callenfels, P.V. van. 1925. De Sudamala in de Hindu-Javaansche kunst. The Hague: M. Nijhoff. [Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen 66.]

Sulistyanto, B. 2019. Menggamit minat warisan budaya Lereng Gunung Lawu. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional.

Thoyib, M. 1989. Murwakala dan upacara ruwatan Gagrak Surakarta Hadiningrat. Jakarta: Padepokan Jawa Tengah Taman Mini “Indonesia Indah”.

Wijayanto, Muhammad Heno. 2024. Aji Saraswati Merapi-Merbabu; Suntingan teks, intertekstualitas, dan fungsi teks abad ke-16: Alih aksara. Jakarta: Perpusnas Press

Wijayanto, Muhammad Heno dan I Made Suparta. 2022. “Symbolical meanings of Aji Saraswati text in Javanese and Balinese Shivaism’s tradition; A comparative study”, Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan 20(2): 383-412. [DOI: 10.31291/jlka.v20i2.1079.]

Wijayanto, Muhammad Heno and I Made Suparta. 2023. “Aji Saraswati Merapi-Merbabu: Transformasi teks Bhimaswarga sebagai panduan ritual literasi di Gunung Lawu abad ke-16”, Jumantara: Jurnal Manuskrip Nusantara 14(2): 187-214.

Download

Share

COinS