•  
  •  
 

Abstract

The morpheme -a in Balinese is ambiguous because it can serve as a third person enclitic pronoun or a passive voice marker. Various views exist about whether the morpheme can be a pronoun in the presence of a teken agentive phrase. This paper argues that it can and that the construction in which the pronoun -a and a teken phrase co-occur (the hybrid type) is an instance of clitic doubling. A hypothesis about how the third person pronoun became a passive marker and how various passive sub-types came into existence is proposed. It is claimed that the hybrid type played a key role in the change. The hybrid type supports the analysis of passives in general as a clitic doubling construction (Baker, Johnson, and Roberts 1989). A clitic doubling analysis of passives enables a new typology of passives in which passives are classified according to how the clitic and its double in a passive clause are expressed.

References

Alwi, Hasan, et al. 1998. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia. Third edition. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. [First edition 1988.]

Anagnostopoulou, Elena. 2017. “Clitic doubling”, in: Martin Everaert and Henk van Riemsdijk (eds), Blackwell companion to syntax, pp. 519- 581. Second edition. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. [Retrieved from: DOI: 10.1002/9780470996591.ch14.]

Arka, I Wayan. 2003. Balinese morphosyntax; A lexical-functional approach. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Arka, I Wayan. 2008. “Voice and the syntax of =a/-a verbs in Balinese”, in: Musgrave, Simon and Peter Austin (eds), Voice and grammatical relations in Austronesian languages, pp. 70–89. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.

Artawa, I Ketut. 1998. Ergativity and Balinese syntax. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. [NUSA 42-44.]

Artawa, I Ketut. 2013. “The basic verb construction in Balinese”, in: Alexander Adelaar (ed.), Voice variation in Austronesian languages of Indonesia, pp. 5–27. Jakarta and Tokyo: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya and Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. [NUSA 54.]

Baker, Mark, Kyle Johnson, and Ian Roberts. 1989. “Passive arguments raised”, Linguistic Inquiry 20: 219–251.

Collins, Chris. 2005. “A smuggling approach to the passive in English”, Syntax 8: 81–120.

Cumming, Susanna. 1991. Functional change; The case of Malay constituent order. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Foley, William A. 1998. “Symmetrical voice systems and precategoriality in Philippine languages”. [Paper, Workshop on Voice and Grammatical Functions in Austronesian Languages, LFG-98 Conference, Brisbane, 30 June-2 July.]

Foley, William A. 2008. “The place of Philippine languages in a typology of voice systems”, in: Musgrave, Simon and Peter Austin (eds), Voice and grammatical relations in Austronesian languages, pp. 22–44. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.

Gault, Joann. 2002. “Some aspects of ‘focus’ in Sama Bangingi’”, in: Fay Wouk and Malcom Ross (eds), The history and typology of Western Austronesian voice system, pp. 367–378. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Givo ́n, Talmy. 2001. Syntax; An introduction, Volume I. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

Jaeggli, Osvaldo A. 1986. “Three issues in the theory of clitics; Case, doubled NPs, and extraction”, in: Hagit Borer (ed.), The syntax of pronominal clitics, pp. 15–42. New York: Academic Press.

Kersten, J. 1984. Bahasa Bali. Ende: Nusa Indah. Legate, Julie Anne. 2010. “The structure of implicit agents in passives”. [Paper,

NELS 41, Philadelphia, PA, 22 October.] Legate, Julie Anne. 2012. “Subjects in Acehnese and the nature of the passive”,

Language 88: 495– 525. Legate, Julie Anne. 2014. Voice and v; Lessons from Acehnese. Cambridge, MA:

MIT Press. Levin, Theodore Frank. 2015. Licensing without case. PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Nomoto, Hiroki. 2015a. “Decomposing Malay anaphoric expressions”, in: Amber Camp et al. (eds), Proceedings of the Twenty-First Meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association (AFLA), pp. 219-236. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics.

Nomoto, Hiroki. 2015b. “Person restriction on passive agents in Malay and givenness”, in: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Information Structure of Austronesian languages, pp. 83-101. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.

Nomoto, Hiroki. 2016. “Passives and clitic doubling; A view from Classical Malay”, in: Hiroki Nomoto, Takuya Miyauchi, and Asako Shiohara (eds), AFLA 23; The Proceedings of the 23rd Meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association, pp. 179-193. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics.

Nomoto, Hiroki. 2018. “Variations in Austronesian bare passive agents”. [Poster presented at Workshop on Current Issues in Comparative Syntax: Past, Present, and Future.]

Nomoto, Hiroki and Kartini Abd. Wahab. 2012. “Kena passives in Malay, funny control, and covert voice alternation”, Oceanic Linguistics 51: 360–386.

Nomoto, Hiroki and Kartini Abd. Wahab. 2014. “Person restriction on passive agents in Malay; Information structure and syntax”, in: Siaw-Fong Chung and Hiroki Nomoto (eds), Current trends in Malay linguistics, pp. 31–50. Jakarta/Tokyo: Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya/ Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. [NUSA 57.]

Nomoto, Hiroki and Kartini Abd. Wahab. 2016. “Tipe pasif di- pada teks klasik Melayu”, in: KIMLI; Kongres Internasional Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia 2016, pp. 310–313. Denpasar: Masyarakat Linguistik Indonesia and Universitas Udayana.

Nomoto, Hiroki. 2018. “Variations in Austronesian bare passive agents”. [Poster presented at Workshop on Current Issues in Comparative Syntax: Past, Present, and Future.]

Proudfoot, I. 1991. “Concordances and Classical Malay”, Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 147: 74–95.

Riesberg, Sonja. 2014. Symmetrical voice and linking in Western Austronesian Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.

Ross, Malcolm. 2002. “The history and transitivity of western Austronesian voice and voice-marking”, in: Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (eds), The history and typology of Western Austronesian voice systems, pp. 17–62. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Sneddon, James Neil et al. 2010. Indonesian; A comprehensive grammar. Second edition. London: Routledge. [First edition 1996.]

Srawana, G. 1978. Melancaran ke Sasak. Denpasar: Yayasan Saba Sastra Bali.

Tjia, Johnny. 2007. A grammar of Mualang; An Ibanic language of Western Kalimantan. Leiden: LOT (Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics).

Tjung, Yassir. 2006. “On the inverted di- passive in Indonesian”, ATMA nan JAYA 21: 40–64.

Walton, Charles. 1986. Sama verbal semantics; Classification, derivation, and Inflection. Manila: Linguistic Society of the Philippines. [Special Monograph Issue 25.]

Wechsler, Stephen and I Wayan Arka. 1998. “Syntactic ergativity in Balinese; An argument structure based theory”, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 16: 387–441.

Download

Share

COinS