•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Solvent is a key factor that affects the effectiveness of active compound extraction from plant materials (simplisia). This study aimed to determine the optimal type and concentration of solvent used in the extraction of pepino fruit based on the parameter of antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activity, as well as Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. The extraction was carried out using the maceration method with ethanol or ethyl acetate as the solvent, each at concentrations of 50%, 70%, and 96%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The inhibition of tyrosinase and the determination of the SPF value were carried out using in vitro test. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract was better than that of the ethanol extract in terms of antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition, and SPF value. In the ethyl acetate solvent, a concentration of 96% provided the strongest antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibition activity, and the second highest in SPF test. It can be concluded that the optimal solvent for extracting pepino fruit as promising compound for sunscreen formulation is 96% ethyl acetate.

References

Abdillah, S., Tambunan, R. M., Farida, Y., Sandhiutami, N. M. D., & Dewi, R. M. (2015). Phytochemical screening and antimalarial activity of some plants traditionally used in Indonesia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 5(6), 454–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(15)60814-3

Alhabsyi, D. F., Suryanto, E., & Wewengkang, D. S. (2014). Aktivitas antioksidan dan tabir surya pada ekstrak kulit buah pisang goroho (Musa acuminate L.). Pharmacon, 3(2), 107–114.

Chang, T. S. (2009). An updated review of tyrosinase inhibitors. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10(6), 2440–2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijms10062440

Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Enayatifardb, R., Khalilia, M., Ghaffarlooa, M., Saeedib, M., Charatic, J.Y. (2014). Correlation between sun protection factor and antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some medicinal plants. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13 (3), 1041-1047

Firsty, G.R., Sugihartini, N., & Mulyaningsih, S. (2023). Effect of ethanol solvent concentration in pepino melon fruit (Solanum muricatum, Aiton) extraction on total flavonoid, phenolic and β-carotene content. Pharmaciana, 13(2), 257-267

Handoyo, D.L.H. (2020). Pengaruh lama waktu maserasi (perendaman) terhadap kekentalan ekstrak daun sirih (Piper betle). Jurnal Farmasi Tinctura, 2(1), 34-41

Harborne, J. B. (1987). Metode Fitokimia. Institut Teknologi Bandung

Hismath, I., Wan Aida, W. M., & Ho, C. W. (2011). Optimization of extraction conditions for phenolic compounds from neem (Azadirachta indica) leaves. International Food Research Journal, 18(3), 931–939.

Hsu, C., Guo, Y., Wang, Z., & Yin, M. (2011). Protective effects of an aqueous extract from pepino (Solanum muricatum Ait.) in diabetic mice. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(8), 1517–1522. https://doi. org/10.1002/jsfa.4345

Husnah, M., Barroroh, H., & Hayati, E. K. (2012). Identifikasi dan uji senyawa golongan antioksidan ekstrak kasar buah pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton) berdasarkan variasi pelarut. Jurusan Kimia Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18860/ al.v0i0.1664

Ibrahim, N.D., Seow, L.J., Sekar, M., Rani, N.N.I.M., Lum, P.T. (2022). Ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia with potential sun protection factor and antioxidant properties – a review. Pharmacognosy Journal, 14(2), 444-455

Kim, D., Park, J., Kim, J., Han, C., Yoon, J., Kim, N., Seo, J., & Lee, C. (2006). Flavonoids as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors: A fluorescence quenching study. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(3), 935–941. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0521855

Latief, M., Muhaimin, Heriyani, Tarigan, I.L., Sutrisno. (2022). Determination antioxidant activity of Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora, Coffea liberica and sunscreens cream formulation for Sun Protection Factor (SPF). Pharmacognosy Journal, 14(2), 335-342

Park, J. W., Ha, Y. M., Moon, K. M., Kim, S. R., Jeong, H. O., Park, Y. J., Lee, H. J., Park, J. Y., Song, Y. M., Chun, P., Byun, Y., Moon, H. R., & Chung, H. Y. (2013). De novo tyrosinase inhibitor: 4-(6,7-Dihydro-5H-indeno[5,6-d] thiazol-2-yl) benzene-1,3-diol (MHY1556). Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 23(14), 4172–4176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.029

Plaza, C. M., De Torres, L. E. D., Lücking, R. K., Vizcaya, M., & Medina, G. E. (2014). Antioxidant activity, total phenols and flavonoids of lichens from venezuelan andes. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Research, 2(5), 138–147.

Prasiddha, I. J., Laeliocattleya, R. A., & Estiasih, T. (2016). Potensi senyawa bioaktif rambut jagung (Zea mays L) untuk tabir surya alami : Kajian Pustaka. Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, 4(1), 40–45.

Putri, W. S., Warditiani, N. K., & Larasanty, L. P. F. (2013). Skrining fitokimia ekstrak etik asetat kulit buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.). Journal Pharmacon, 09(4), 56–59.

Rachmawati, A. R., Wisaniyasa, N. W., & Suter, I. K. (2020). Pengaruh jenis pelarut terhadap aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.). Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan (ITEPA), 9(4), 458. https://doi.org/10.24843/itepa.2020.v09.i04.p10

Rahardhian, M. R. R., Murti, B. T., Wigati, D., Suharsanti, R., & Putri, C. N. (2019). Solvent concentration effect on total flavonoid and total phenolic contents of Averrhoa bilimbi leaf extract. Pharmaciana, 9(1), 137. https://doi. org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v9i1.8793

Riwanti, P., Izazih, F., & Amaliyah. (2020). Pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi etanol pada kadar flavonoid total ekstrak etanol 50,70 dan 96%. Journal of Pharmaceutical Care Anwar Medika, 2(2), 82–95.

Rohmah, J., Saidi, I. A., Saidi, I. A., Rini, C. S., Rini, C. S., Masyitha, D. A., & Masyitha, D. A. (2020). Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksana batang turi putih (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) dengan metode DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). Jurnal Kimia Riset, 5(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.20473/ jkr.v5i1.20900

Santos, E. P., Freitas, Z. M., Souza, K. R., Garcia, S., & Vergnanini, A. (1999). In vitro and in vivo determinations of sun protection factors of sunscreen lotions with octyl methoxycinnamate. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 21(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467- 2494.1999.181658.x

Santhanam, R. K., Ahmad, S., Abas, F., Ismail, I. S., Rukayadi, Y., & Shaari, K. (2013). Photoprotective properties of Zanthoxylum rhetsa: An in vitro analysis. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 5(12), 1512–1520.

Sari, D. E. M. (2018). Uji aktivitas antiaging dan penghambatan enzim tirosinase dari ekstrak etanol daun kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) secara in vitro. TESIS. Universitas Ahmad Dahlan.

Sari, R.K., Prayogo, Y.H. Rozan, S.A. Rafi, M. Wientarsih, I. (2022). Antioxidant activity, sun protection activity, and phytochemical profile of ethanolic extracts of daemonorops acehensis resin and its phytosomes. Scientia Pharmaceutica. 90(10), 1-11. https://doi. org/10.3390/scipharm90010010

Saxena, M., Saxena, J., Nema, R., Singh, D., & Gupta, A. (2013). Phytochemistry of medicinal plants. Medicinal Plants of Central Asia: Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, 1(6), 13–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3912-7_4

Sinulingga, C. N., Warsidah, Sofiana, M. S. J., & Safitri, I. (2022). Uji aktivitas penghambatan enzim alfa-tirosinase sebagai baham kosmetik inhibition of Alfa-Tyrosinase enzyme from methanol extract of Sargassum polycystum as cosmetics. Oseanologia, 1(2), 50–54.

Sriarumtias, F. F. (2016). Pengukuran kadar betakaroten dan fenol total buah pepino kuning (Solanum muricatum Aiton) pada tingkat kematangan yang berbeda. Jurnal Farmako Bahari, 7(2), 12–21.

Sudha, G, Priya, M. S., Shree, R. I., & Vadivukkarasi, S. (2011). In vitro free radical scavenging activity of raw pepino fruit (Solanum muricatum A.). International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 3(2), 137–140.

Sudha, G., Priya, M. S., Shree, R. B., & Vadivukkarasi, S. (2012). Antioxidant activity of ripe and unripe pepino fruit (Solanum muricatum Aiton). Journal of food science, 77(11), C1131–C1135. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1750-3841.2012.02944.x

Sudha, G., Priya, M. S., Shree, R. B., & Vadivukkarasi, S. (2012b). Antioxidant activity of ripe and unripe pepino fruit (Solanum muricatum Aiton). Journal of Food Science, 77(11), 1131–1135. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1750-3841.2012.02944.x

Suhendra, L., & Arnata, I. W. (2009). Potensi aktivitas antioksidan biji adas (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) sebagai penangkap radikal bebas. AGROTEKNO, 15(2), 66–71.

Susanty & Bachmid, F. (2016). Perbandingan metode ekstraksi maserasi dan refluks terhadap kadar fenolik dan ekstrak tongkol jagung (Zea mays, L). Konversi, 5(2), 87-93

Voight, R. (1995). Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi. Gadjah Mada University Press.

Wigati, D., & Rahardian, R. R. (2018). Penetapan standarisasi non spesifik ekstrak etanol hasil perkolasi umbi bawang dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.)Merr). JIFFK : Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi Dan Farmasi Klinik, 15(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.31942/jiffk.v15i2.2564

Download

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.