•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a health problem in Indonesia. Prevention and treatment of IDA is carried out by giving fortified foods and oral iron therapy. Both can use ferrous fumarate which is made with reacting bivalent iron and disodium fumarate. Bivalent iron can be obtained from iron sand in Indonesia. This study aims to synthesize ferrous fumarate from Indonesian iron sand, which is from Malang, Sukabumi, and Cianjur area, and to determine its absorption through in vivo body weight gain test in male Wistar white rats (Rattus norvegicus). First, ferrous fumarate was synthesized through reaction of ferrous sulfate, which was made from Indonesian iron sand with the highest iron content, which was from Sukabumi area, and disodium fumarate. Second, in vivo body weight gain test was conducted to 3 rat groups (negative control, ferrous sulfate group, and ferrous fumarate group, respectively) and monitored for two weeks. The results showed that ferrous fumarate was successfully obtained as brownish red-orange fine powder with yield of 62.17 ± 1.66 %. In addition, the in vivo body weight test suggested that the rats from ferrous fumarate group showed similar weight gain (35.1%) compared to those from the ferrous sulfate group (30.6%), indicating a possibility of iron absorption from ferrous fumarate.

References

Aliwarga, L., Reynard, R., dan Victoria, A. V. (2019). Pengendapan titanium pada larutan pasir besi dalam asam sulfat. Jurnal Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara, 15(2), Mei 2019: 109 – 118. https://doi.org/10.30556/jtmb.Vol15.No2.2019.989

Ansori, C., Wardhani, F, A., Puswanto, E. (2019). Karakteristik unsur jejak dalam diskriminasi magmatisme batuan beku tinggian karangbolong kebumen. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Hasil Penelitian Sains, Teknik dan Aplikasi Industri (SINTA 2018), Universitas Lampung. No. Arsip: LIPI-20190107. Retrieved from http://lipi.go.id/publikasi/karakteristik-unsur-jejak-dalam-diskriminasi-magmatisme-batuan-beku-tinggian-karangbolong-kebumen/27287.

Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. (2018). Hasil utama Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Accessed from: https://www.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/info-terkini/hasil-riskesdas-2018.pdf

Devkota, B.P. (2019). Iron. Medscape. Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2085704-overview#:~:text=The%20serum%20iron%20reference%20ranges,%3A%20100%2D250%20mcg%2FdL.

Dipiro, J. T., Talbert, G. C., Yee, G. R., Matzke, B. G., dan Wells, L. M. P. (2017). Pharmacotherapy: A pathophysiology approach 10th edition. In Mc-Graw Hill Medical. The McGraw-Hill Companies: United State of America.

Direktorat Jenderal Kefarmasian dan Alat Kesheatan. (2020). Farmakope Indonesia Edisi VI. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI

Ems, T., Lucia, K.St., dan Huecker, M.R. (2021) Biochemistry, Iron Absorption. [Updated 2021 Apr 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.

Ernawati and Sety L. O. M. (2023). Pengaruh pengetahuan gizi ibu dan kepatuhan konsumsi tablet Fe terhadap kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil. Jurnal Ilmial Obsgin: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kebidanan & Kandungan, 15(1): 46-52.

Fitriany, J., and Saputri, A. I. (2018). Anemia defisiensi besi. Averrous Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan Malikussaleh, 4(2). https://ojs.unimal.ac.id/averrous/article/view/1033/552

Gunanto, Y E., Izaak, M P., Jobiliong, E., Cahyadi, L., Adi, W. A. (2018). High purity Fe3O4 from local iron sand extraction. The International Conference on Theoretical and Applied Physics Conf. Series 1011 (2018) 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1011/1/012005

Harmita. (2014). Analisis fisikokimia: potensiometri dan spektroskopi volume 1. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC.

Harrington, M, Hotz, C., Zeder, C., Polvo, G., Villalpando, S., Zimmermann, M., Walczyk, T., Rivera, J., dan Hurrell, R. (2011). A comparison of the bioavailability of ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate in non-anemic Mexican women and children consuming a sweetened maize and milk drink. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 65, 20-5. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.185

Herrly, C. J. (1922). Method of Oxidizing Ferrous Sulphate. United State Patent Office. Accessed from: https://patents.google.com/patent/US1430551A/en

Hilman, P. M., Suprapto, S. J., Sunuhadi, D. N, Tampubolon, A., Wahyuningsih, R., Widhyatna, D., Pardiarto, B., Gunradi, R., Franklin, F., Yudawinata, K., Sutisna, D. T., Dinarsih, D., Sukaesih, S., Yuningsih, E. T., Candra, C., Oktaviani, P., Rahmawati, R., Ulfa, R. M., Sukmayana, I., dan Ostman, I. (2014). Pasir besi di Indonesia geologi, eksplorasi dan pemanfaatannya. Badan geologi pusat sumber daya geologi. Bandung: Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral. Accessed from: http://ftgeologi.unpad.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Pasir-Besi-di-Indonesia-Geologi-Eksplorasi-dan-Pemanfaatannya.pdf

Kapor, A. J., Nikolić, L. B., Nikolić, V. D., Stanković, M. Z., Cakić, M. D., Ilić, D. P., Mladenović-Ranisavljević, I. I., dan Ristić, I. S. (2012). The synthesis and characterization of iron (ii) fumarate and its inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins. Advanced technologies 1(1) (2012), 07-15. Accessed from: http://www.tf.ni.ac.rs/casopis-arhiva/sveska1/c1.pdf

Kilic, H. C., Onec, B., Onec, K., Caliskan, E., dan Ankarali, H. (2014). An investigation about weight gain with treatment of iron deficiency anemia: changes of ghrelin and hepcidin levels with treatment. Madrid 22nd Congress European Hematology Association.

Lawless, J. W., Latham, M. C., Stephenson, L. S., Kinoti, S. N., dan Pertet, A. M. (1994). Iron supplementation improves appetite and growth in anemic Kenyan primary school children. The Journal of nutrition, 124(5), 645–654. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/124.5.645

MacKenzie, E. L., Iwasaki, K., dan Tsuji, Y. (2008). Intracellular iron transport and storage: from molecular mechanisms to health implications. Antioxidants & redox signaling, 10(6), 997–1030. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2007.1893

Moreno – Fernandez, J., Diaz – Castro, J., Alferez, M. J. M., dan Lopez – Aliaga, I. (2019). Iron deficiency and neuroendocrine regulators of basal metabolism, body composition, and energy expenditure in rats. Nutrients, 11, 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030631

National Health Service (United Kingdom). (2019). Ferrous fumarate. Retrieved from: https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/ferrous-fumarate/

National Health Service (United Kingdom). (2019). Ferrous sulfate. Retrieved from: https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/ferrous-sulfate/

Nurmasari, V., & Sumarmi, S. (2019). Hubungan keteraturan kunjungan antenatal care dan kepatuhan konsumsi tablet Fe dengan kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil trimester III di Kecamatan Maron Probolinggo. Amerta Nutrition, 3(1), 46–51.

Özdemir, N. (2015). Iron deficiency anemia from diagnosis to treatment in children. Türk. Pediatri Arşivi, 50(1), 11–9. DOI:10.5152/tpa.2015.2337

Panicker, Naveen Kumar, A, Hridya, dan Prabhu, Raghuveer. (2016). Comparison of efficacy and safety profile of oral iron formulations in patients with iron deficiency anemia. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 41(2), November - December 2016; Article No. 46. Hal, 248-252.

Priambudi, A. P., Kusnandar, F., dan Palupi, N. S. (2017). Stabilitas dan bioavalaibilitas in vitro zat besi sebagai fortifikan dalam bumbu mi instan. Jurnal Ilmu Pangan dan Hasil Pertanian 1(1). Retrieved from http://journal.upgris.ac.id/index.php/jiphp

Przybyszewska, J., & Zekanowska, E. (2014). The role of hepcidin, ferroportin, HCP1, and DMT1 protein in iron absorption in the human digestive tract. Przeglad Gastroenterologiczny, 9(4), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.5114/pg.2014.45102

Rah, J. H., Melse-Boonstra, A., Agustina, R., van Zutphen, K. G., & Kraemer, K. (2021). The triple burden of malnutrition among adolescents in Indonesia. In Food and Nutrition Bulletin (Vol. 42, Issue 1_suppl, pp. S4–S8). SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.

Rochani, S., Pramusanto, P., Sariman, S., Anugrah, R.I. (2008). The current status of iron minerals in indonesia. Indonesia Mining Journal, 11(11): 1- 17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30556/imj.Vol11.No2.2008.590. Accessed from: https://jurnal.tekmira.esdm.go.id/index.php/imj/article/view/590

Salma, A. (2021). Riwayat anemia pada kehamilan sebagai prediktor kejadian stunting pada anak: Literatur Review. Jurnal Ilmiah Obsgin: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Kebidanan & Kandungan, 13(4), 29–38.

Seriki, SA., Adebayo, OF., Odetola, AO. (2017). Iron: from dietary sources to utilization in the body. Global Journal of Nanomedicine, 3(3):555615. https://doi.org/10.19080/GJN.2017.03.555615

Suchdev, P. S., Namaste S. M., Aaron, G. J., Raiten, D. J., Brown, K. H., Flores – Ayala, R dan BRINDA working group. (2016). Overview of the biomarkers reflecting inflammation and nutritional determinants of anemia (BRINDA) project. Advances in Nutrition, 7(2), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010215

Suroso, Indreswari. (2017). Analisis secara fisis dan mekanis pasir besi dari pantai selatan kulonprogo berguna bagi material pesawat terbang. Jurnal Teknika STTKD, Vol.4, No. 1, Juli 2017. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/249342013.pdf

Suryani, D., Hafiani, R., dan Junita, R. (2015). Analisis pola makan dan anemia gizi besi pada remaja putri Kota Bengkulu. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Andalas, 10(1), 11– 18

Taşğın, E. (2017). Macronutrients and micronutrients in nutrition. International Journal of Innovative Research and Reviews, 1(1), 10-15. Retrieved from http://www.injirr.com/article/view/8

Uauy, R., Hertrampf, E., Reddy, M. (2002). Iron Fortification of Foods: Overcoming Technical and Practical Barriers. The Journal of Nutrition, 132 (4), April 2002, Pages 849S–852S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/132.4.849S

Vidianti, I.A. (2014). Extraction of titanium dioxide from lumajang beach sand by H3PO4 leaching and NaOH as decomposition agent. Surabaya: Chemistry Department Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology. Accessed from: https://repository.its.ac.id/63184/1/1410100075-Undergraduate_Theses.pdf

Wan, D., Wu, Q,. Ni, H., Liu, G., Ruan, Z. and Yin, Y. (2019). Treatments for iron deficiency (id): prospective organic iron fortification. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 25. 10.2174/1381612825666190319111437.

World Health Organization. (2015). The global prevalence of anemia in 2011 Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/177094/9789241564960_eng.pdf?sequence=1

Download

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.