•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Happiness is a state that is constantly strived for amidst the complexity of life. Previous research suggests that the student population is prone to psychological problems due to high workloads and a scarce resource of time that could affect happiness. Referring to previous studies, this study seeks to examine the relationship between feelings of awe and subjective well-being which is influenced by perceptions of time availability and perceived workload. Data were collected offline (N = 56) using VR devices to present awe-inducing videos, with responses measured via self-report. The results showed the absence of video effects on the condition of awe towards time availability (b = 0.118, p = 0.216), a positive and significant relationship was found between time availability and subjective well-being (b = 0.278, p = b = 0.412, p =

References

Aassve, A., Fuochi, G., & Mencarini, L. (2014). Desperate Housework: Relative Resources, Time Availability, Economic Dependency, and Gender Ideology Across Europe. Journal of Family Issues, 35(8), 1000–1022. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X14522248

Anderson, C. L., Monroy, M., & Keltner, D. (2018). Awe in nature heals: Evidence from military veterans, at-risk youth, and college students. Emotion, 18(8), 1195–1202. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000442

Bai, Y., Maruskin, L. A., Chen, S., Gordon, A. M., Stellar, J. E., McNeil, G. D., Peng, K., & Keltner, D. (2017). Awe, the diminished self, and collective engagement: Universals and cultural variations in the small self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(2), 185–209. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000087

Bai, Y., Ocampo, J., Jin, G., Chen, S., Benet-Martinez, V., Monroy, M., Anderson, C., & Keltner, D. (2021). Awe, Daily Stress, and Elevated Life Satisfaction. 120(4), 837–860.

Bergener, J., & Santarius, T. (2021). A pace of life indicator. Development and validation of a General Acceleration Scale. Time & Society, 30(3), 273–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X20980645

Bogon, J., Jagorska, C., Steinecker, I., & Riemer, M. (2024). Age-related changes in time perception: Effects of immersive virtual reality and spatial location of stimuli. Acta Psychologica, 249, 104460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104460

Bos, J. T., Donders, N. C., Van Der Velden, K., & Van Der Gulden, J. W. (2013). Perceptions of mental workload in Dutch university employees of different ages: A focus group study. BMC Research Notes, 6(1), 102. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-6-102

Cao, A., Chintamani, K. K., Pandya, A. K., & Ellis, R. D. (2009). NASA TLX: Software for assessing subjective mental workload. Behavior Research Methods, 41(1), 113–117. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.1.113

Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: A theory of socioemotional selectivity. American Psychologist, 54(3), 165–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165

Chen, S. K., & Mongrain, M. (2021). Awe and the interconnected self. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(6), 770–778. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1818808

Chen, Z., Jin, L., Hao, H., Zhao, Y., Joyce, R. L., & Lyu, H. (2024). The relationship of self-concept clarity, future time perspective, grit, and life satisfaction among Chinese adolescents: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 230, 112781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112781

Chiorri, C., Garbarino, S., Bracco, F., & Magnavita, N. (2015). Personality Traits Moderate the Effect of Workload Sources on Perceived Workload in Flying Column Police Officers. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01835

Chirico, A., Cipresso, P., Yaden, D. B., Biassoni, F., Riva, G., & Gaggioli, A. (2017). Effectiveness of Immersive Videos in Inducing Awe: An Experimental Study. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 1218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01242-0

Chirico, A., Ferrise, F., Cordella, L., & Gaggioli, A. (2018). Designing Awe in Virtual Reality: An Experimental Study. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2351. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02351

Chirico, A., Yaden, D. B., Riva, G., & Gaggioli, A. (2016). The Potential of Virtual Reality for the Investigation of Awe. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01766

DiDomenico, A., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2008). Interactive effects of physical and mental workload on subjective workload assessment. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 38(11–12), 977–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2008.01.012

Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well-Being Contributes to Health and Longevity: HEALTH BENEFITS OF HAPPINESS. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x

Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Tay, L. (2018). Advances in subjective well-being research. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0307-6

Diener, E., Pressman, S. D., Hunter, J., & Delgadillo‐Chase, D. (2017). If, Why, and When Subjective Well‐Being Influences Health, and Future Needed Research. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 9(2), 133–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12090

Droit-Volet, S., Dambrun, M., & Monier, F. (2024). Awe and time perception. Acta Psychologica, 245, 104232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104232

Garhammer, M. (2002). Pace of Life and Enjoyment of Life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3(3), 217–256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020676100938

Gärling, T., & Gamble, A. (2017). Life satisfaction and Emotional Well‐Being: Psychological, Economic and Social Factors. In R. Ranyard (Ed.), Economic Psychology (1st ed., pp. 405–420). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118926352.ch25

Geiger, S. M., Freudenstein, J.-P., Von Jorck, G., Gerold, S., & Schrader, U. (2021). Time wealth: Measurement, drivers and consequences. Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, 2, 100015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cresp.2021.100015

Goodin, R. E., Rice, J. M., Bittman, M., & Saunders, P. (2005). The Time-Pressure Illusion: Discretionary Time vs. Free Time. Social Indicators Research, 73(1), 43–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-004-4642-9

Gottwald, D., & Lejsková, P. (2023). Job satisfaction and perceived workload in the context of personality typology among subway train drivers. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1283122. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1283122

Gravetter, F. J., & Forzano, L.-A. B. (2012). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (4th ed). Wadsworth.

Hart, S. G., & Field, M. (2006). NASA-TASK LOAD INDEX (NASA-TLX); 20 YEARS LATER.

Jeffords, J. R., Bayly, B. L., Bumpus, M. F., & Hill, L. G. (2020). Investigating the Relationship Between University Students’ Psychological Flexibility and College Self-Efficacy. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 22(2), 351–372. https://doi.org/10.1177/1521025117751071

Kasser, T., & Sheldon, K. M. (2009). Time Affluence as a Path toward Personal Happiness and Ethical Business Practice: Empirical Evidence from Four Studies. Journal of Business Ethics, 84(S2), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9696-1

Keltner, D., & Haidt, J. (2003). Approaching awe, a moral, spiritual, and aesthetic emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 17(2), 297–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930302297

Kyndt, E., Berghmans, I., Dochy, F., & Bulckens, L. (2014). ‘Time is not enough.’ Workload in higher education: A student perspective. Higher Education Research & Development, 33(4), 684–698. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2013.863839

Lombard, J. (2024). Slow Down, You’re Doing Fine: Examining the Relationships Between Awe, Expanded.

Monroy, M., & Keltner, D. (2023). Awe as a Pathway to Mental and Physical Health. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(2), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221094856

Monroy, M., Uğurlu, Ö., Zerwas, F., Corona, R., Keltner, D., Eagle, J., & Amster, M. (2023). The influences of daily experiences of awe on stress, somatic health, and well-being: A longitudinal study during COVID-19. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 9336. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35200-w

Neary, M., & Rikowski, G. (2002). Time and Speed in the Social Universe of Capital. In Neary, Michael & S. Heath, Social Conceptions of Time (pp. 53–65). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230501928_5

Pedrelli, P., Nyer, M., Yeung, A., Zulauf, C., & Wilens, T. (2015). College Students: Mental Health Problems and Treatment Considerations. Academic Psychiatry, 39(5), 503–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0205-9

Rudd, M., Vohs, K. D., & Aaker, J. (2012). Awe Expands People’s Perception of Time, Alters Decision Making, and Enhances Well-Being. Psychological Science, 23(10), 1130–1136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612438731

Schneider, K. (2017). The resurgence of awe in psychology: Promise, hope, and perils. The Humanistic Psychologist, 45(2), 103–108. https://doi.org/10.1037/hum0000060

Shiota, M. N., Campos, B., & Keltner, D. (2003). The Faces of Positive Emotion: Prototype Displays of Awe, Amusement, and Pride. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1000(1), 296–299. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1280.029

Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2006). Positive emotion dispositions differentially associated with Big Five personality and attachment style. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(2), 61–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500510833

Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., & Mossman, A. (2007). The nature of awe: Elicitors, appraisals, and effects on self-concept. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), 944–963. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930600923668

Takano, R., & Nomura, M. (2023). A closer look at the time course of bodily responses to awe experiences. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 22506. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49681-2

Van Elk, M., & Rotteveel, M. (2020). Experimentally induced awe does not affect implicit and explicit time perception. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82(3), 926–937. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-019-01924-z

Vohs, K. D., & Schmeichel, B. J. (2003). Self-regulation and extended now: Controlling the self alters the subjective experience of time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.217

Wang, B., Zhao, H., Shen, H., & Jiang, Y. (2023). Socioeconomic status and subjective well-being: The mediating role of class identity and social activities. PLOS ONE, 18(9), e0291325. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291325

Yaden, D. B., Kaufman, S. B., Hyde, E., Chirico, A., Gaggioli, A., Zhang, J. W., & Keltner, D. (2019). The development of the Awe Experience Scale (AWE-S): A multifactorial measure for a complex emotion. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(4), 474–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2018.1484940

Yang, C., Chen, A., & Chen, Y. (2021). College students’ stress and health in the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of academic workload, separation from school, and fears of contagion. PLOS ONE, 16(2), e0246676. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246676

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.