ORCID ID
Sevinç Mersin: 0000-0001-8130-6017
Özlem İbrahimoğlu: 0000-0002-0925-0378
Merve Tuncer: 0000-0003-2626-4170
Ali Arslanoğlu: 0000-0002-4454-0397
Abstract
Background: Empathy has various consequences for nurses. Therefore, its effects on nurses should be identified. Thus, this study aimed to determine the relationships between empathy, burnout, and level of contentment with life in nurses and the characteristics that affect them.
Methods: This descriptive–correlational study was conducted on 653 nurses in Turkey between November and December 2021. Data were collected using an information form, the Basic Empathy Scale, Burnout Measure Short Scale, and Contentment with Life Assessment Scale.
Results: A positive, weak, and significant relationship was noted between the mean Basic Empathy Scale and Burnout Measure Scale scores. A significant negative and moderately strong relationship was found between the mean Burnout Measure Scale and Contentment with Life Assessment Scale scores.
Conclusions: It is crucial that the increase in the level of empathy in nurses also increases their level of burnout. Therefore, examining the empathy skills of nurses through in-depth interviews may be indicated, as well as revealing the reasons for the effect of empathy on burnout. The results of this study can be beneficial for planning interventions to reduce burnout levels in nurses.
References
- Depow GJ, Francis Z, Inzlicht M. The experience of empathy in everyday life. Psychol Sci. 2021;32:1198–213.
- Ferguson AM, Cameron CD, Inzlicht M. When does empathy feel good? Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2021;39:125–29.
- Levett‐Jones T, Cant R. The empathy continuum: An evidenced‐based teaching model derived from an integrative review of contemporary nursing literature. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29:1026–40.
- Fernandez AV, Zahavi D. Basic empathy: Developing the concept of empathy from the ground up. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;110:103695.
- Moya-Salazar J, Goicochea-Palomino EA, Porras-Guillermo J, Cañari B, Jaime-Quispe A, Zuñiga N, et al. Assessing empathy in healthcare services: A systematic review of South American healthcare workers’ and patients’ perceptions. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14:1249620.
- Wu Y. Empathy in nurse-patient interaction: A conversation analysis. BMC Nurs. 2021;20:1–6.
- Pontón YD, Narváez VPD, Andrade BM, Terán JJL, Reyes-Reyes A, Calzadilla-Núñez A. Working nurses’ empathy with patients in public hospitals. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem. 2023;31:e3968.
- Başar U. Hemşirelerde tükenmişlik sendromu: Nedenleri, sonuçları ve önleyici stratejiler [Burnout syndrome among nurses: Causes, consequences, and preventive strategies]. Sağlık ve Hemşirelik Yönetimi Dergisi. 2020;2:303–9. Turkish.
- Wilkinson H, Whittington R, Perry L, Eames C. Examining the relationship between burnout and empathy in healthcare professionals: A systematic review. Burn Res. 2017;6:18–29.
- Altmann T, Roth M. The risk of empathy: Longitudinal associations between empathy and burnout. Psychol Health. 2021;36:1441–60.
- Chen X, Chen M, Zheng H, Wang C, Chen H, Wu Q, et al. Effects of psychological intervention on empathy fatigue in nurses: A meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:952932.
- De Oliveira SM, de Alcantara Sousa LV, Gadelha MDSV, do Nascimento VB. Prevention actions of burnout syndrome in nurses: An integrating literature review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2019;15:64–73.
- Nawaz H, Gulzada M, Islam M, Bibi A, Khaliq F, Khan MA. Assessing Contentment with Life among Nursing Students at Private Nursing Institute Karachi, Pakistan: Assessing Contentment with Life among Nursing Students. Pak J Health. 2024;5:21–5.
- Lavallee LF, Hatch PM, Michalos AC, McKinley T. Development of The Contentment with Life Assessment Scale (CLAS): Using daily life experiences to verify levels of self-reported life satisfaction. Soc Indic Res. 2007;83:201–44.
- Diener ED, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49:71–5.
- Uchmanowicz I, Manulik S, Lomper K, Rozensztrauch A, Zborowska A, Kolasińska J, et al. Life satisfaction, job satisfaction, life orientation and occupational burnout among nurses and midwives in medical institutions in Poland: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9:e024296.
- Friganović A, Selič P, Ilić B. Stress and burnout syndrome and their associations with coping and job satisfaction in critical care nurses: A literature review. Psychiatr Danub. 2019;31:21–31.
- Khosravani V, Samimi Ardestani SM, Alvani A, Amirinezhad A. Alexithymia, empathy, negative affect and physical symptoms in patients with asthma. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2020;27:736–48.
- İbrahimoğlu Ö, Mersin S, Çağlar M. Patience, acceptance of diversity, and compassionate love in nursing care. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Derg. 2021;6:99–107.
- Ozkara San E. Concept analysis of nurses' happiness. Nurs Forum. 2015;50:55–62.
- Tayınmak İ. Önyargılı tutumlar ve saldırganlık [Prejudiced attitudes and aggression]. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademik Araştırmalar Derg. 2020;4:71–87. Turkish.
- Mersin S, İbrahimoğlu Ö, Çağlar M, Akyol E. Compassionate love, burnout and professional commitment in nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2020;28:72–81.
- Jolliffe D, Farrington DP. Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. J Adolesc. 2006;29:589–611.
- Topçu Ç, Erdur-Baker Ö, Çapa-Aydın Y. Temel empati ölçeği Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Turkish adaptation of basic empathy scale: Validity and reliability study]. Turkish Psychol Couns Guid J. 2010;4:174–82. Turkish.
- Malach-Pines A. The burnout measure, short version. Int J Stress Manag. 2005;12:78–88.
- Tümkaya S, Çam S, Çavuşoğlu İ. Tükenmişlik ölçeği kısa versiyonu’nun türkçe’ye uyarlama geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [The adaptation, validity and reliability study of the Short Version of The Burnout Scale]. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Derg. 2009;18(1):387–98. Turkish.
- Akın A, Yalnız A. Yaşam Memnuniyeti Ölçeği (YMÖ) Türkçe formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalişmasi [Turkish version of Contentment with Life Scale (CLAS): The study of validity and reliability]. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Derg. 2015;14:95–102. Turkish.
- Karagöz Y. SPSS 23 and AMOS 23 Applied Statistical Analysis. Ankara: TX Nobel Publisher; 2016.
- Roy C. Nursing knowledge in the 21st century: Domain-derived and basic science practice-shaped. Adv Nurs Sci. 2019;42:28–42.
- Fernandez AV, Zahavi D. Basic empathy: Developing the concept of empathy from the ground up. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;110:103695.
- Kim J. Factors influencing nursing students’ empathy. Korean J Med Educ. 2018;30:229–36.
- Teófilo TJS, Veras RFS, Silva VA, Cunha NM, Oliveira JDS, Vasconcelos SC. Empathy in the nurse–patient relationship in geriatric care: An integrative review. Nurs Ethics. 2019;26:1585–600.
- Delgado N, Delgado J, Betancort M, Bonache H, Harris LT. What is the link between different components of empathy and burnout in healthcare professionals? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2023;16:447–63.
- Román-Sánchez D, Paramio-Cuevas JC, Paloma-Castro O, Palazón-Fernández JL, Lepiani-Díaz I, de la Fuente Rodríguez JM, et al. Empathy, burnout, and attitudes towards mental illness among Spanish mental health nurses. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:692.
- Tierney S, Bivins R, Seers K. Compassion in nursing: Solution or stereotype? Nurs Inq. 2019;26:e12271.
- Bogiatzaki V, Frengidou E, Savakis E, Trigoni M, Galanis P, Anagnostopoulos F. Empathy and burnout of healthcare professionals in public hospitals of Greece. Int J Caring Sci. 2019;12:611–26.
- Alan H, Arslan EA, Altinişik HB. Hemodiyaliz hemşirelerinin tükenmişlik düzeyi ile empati becerileri arasındaki i̇lişki [The relationship between burnout and empathy skills of nurses who work in hemodialysis units]. Türk Nefroloji, Diyaliz ve Transplantasyon Hemşireleri Derneği Nefroloji Hemşireliği Derg. 2018;2:37–44. Turkish.
- Kelly L. Burnout, compassion fatigue, and secondary trauma in nurses: Recognizing the occupational phenomenon and personal consequences of caregiving. Crit Care Nurs Q. 2020;43:73–80.
- Şahin S, Özgen D, Özdemir K, Ünsal A. Bir hastanede çalışan hemşirelerin empati ve tükenmişlik düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi [Assessment of empathy and burnout levels of hospital nurses]. Konuralp Med J. 2018;10:318–25. Turkish.
- Yılmaz G, Durmaz GB. Pediatri hemşirelerinin empatik eğilim, duygusal emek davranışları ve tükenmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki [The relationship between empathic tendencies, emotional labor behaviors and burnout levels of pediatric nurses]. J Hacettepe University Faculty of Nursing. 2019;6:92–100. Turkish.
- Dall’Ora C, Saville C. Burnout in nursing: What have we learnt and what is still unknown. Nurs Times. 2021;117:43–4.
- E-Sahar N. Transpersonal gratitude, emotional intelligence, life contentment, and mental health risk among adolescents and young adults. Preprints [Preprint]. 2020:2020070620.
- Ilmalwa W, Hlatywayo CK. Meaning of work, satisfaction with life, happiness, and work engagement, among nurses at selected state hospital, Windhoek, Namibia. Health Res J. 2022;8:23–34.
- Löffler CS, Greitemeyer T. Are women the more empathetic gender? The effects of gender role expectations. Curr Psychol. 2023;42:220–31.
- Rochat MJ. Sex and gender differences in the development of empathy. J Neurosci Res. 2023;101:718–29.
- Saygan BB, Uludağlı NP. Yaşam boyu toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin gelişimi [Lifespan development of gender roles]. Curr Approaches in Psychiatry. 2021;13:354–82. Turkish.
- Camci GB, Kavuran E. Hemşirelerin iş stresi ve tükenmişlik düzeyleri ile meslek ve yaşam doyumu düzeyleri arasindaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi [Determination of the correlation of job stress and burnout levels of nurses with their job and life satisfaction levels]. J Anatolia Nurs Health Sci. 2021;24:274–83. Turkish.
- Van der Heijden BIJM, Mulder RH, König C, Anselmann V. Toward a mediation model for nurses' well-being and psychological distress effects of quality of leadership and social support at work. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96:e6505.
- Głaz S. The relationship between meaning in life, life satisfaction and job satisfaction with religious experience in the life of polish nurses. J Relig Health. 2024;63:1710–731.
- Xiao Q, Liang X, Liu L, Klarin A, Zhang C. How do work–life balance programmes influence nurses' psychological well‐being? The role of servant leadership and learning goal orientation. J Adv Nurs. 2023;79:2720–731.
- Ma L, Gu D. The role of marriage in the life satisfaction and mortality association at older ages: Age and sex differences. Aging Ment Health. 2023;27:612–20.
- Pandya SP. Meditation program mitigates loneliness and promotes wellbeing, life satisfaction and contentment among retired older adults: A two-year follow-up study in four South Asian cities. Aging Ment Health. 2021;25:286–98.
- Koç P, Kutlar A. The effects of economic recessions on divorce rates: A research on Turkey. Sosyoekonomi. 2021;29:65–84.
- Miklikowska M. Empathy trumps prejudice: The longitudinal relation between empathy and anti-immigrant attitudes in adolescence. Dev Psychol. 2018;54:703–17.
- Akgün R, Çetin H. Üniversite öğrencilerinin iletişim becerilerinin ve empati düzeylerinin belirlenmesi [Determining the communication skills and empathy levels of university students]. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Derg. 2018;7:103–17. Turkish.
- Portt E, Person S, Person B, Rawana E, Brownlee K. Empathy and positive aspects of adolescent peer relationships: A scoping review. J Child Fam Stud. 2020;29:2416–33.
- Alorani OI, Alradaydeh MTF. Spiritual well-being, perceived social support, and life satisfaction among university students. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2018;23:291–8.
- Velando‐Soriano A, Ortega‐Campos E, Gómez‐Urquiza JL, Ramírez‐Baena L, De La Fuente EI, Cañadas‐De La Fuente GA. Impact of social support in preventing burnout syndrome in nurses: A systematic review. Jpn J Nurs Sci. 2020;17:e12269.
- Angelini G. Big five model personality traits and job burnout: A systematic literature review. BMC Psychol. 2023;11:49.
- Meriç E, Erdem M. Öğretmenlerde sabır ve tükenmişliği etkileyen faktörlere yönelik nitel bir çözümleme [A qualitative analysis of the factors affecting patience and burnout in teachers]. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Derg. 2023;21:1605–37. Turkish.
- Gumusler Basaran A, Kefeli Col B, Genc Kose B. Evaluation of the relationship between the levels of patience and tranquillity and conflict resolution styles of executive nurses. J Nurs Manag. 2024;1:6651729.
Recommended Citation
Mersin S, İbrahimoğlu Ö, Tuncer M, Arslanoğlu A. Nurses’ Empathy, Burnout, and Contentment with Life in Turkey. Makara J Health Res. 2024;28.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License.
Included in
Occupational and Environmental Health Nursing Commons, Other Psychiatry and Psychology Commons, Psychiatric and Mental Health Commons