•  
  •  
 

Journal of Materials Exploration and Findings

Abstract

The production of graphene oxide (GO) from biomass presents considerable promise as a sustainable alternative substitute for traditional semiconductors. Biomass waste, abundant and often underutilized worldwide, is distinguished by its high carbon content and regenerative characteristics, rendering it an optimal resource for sustainable material production. By heating its biopolymers, lignocellulosic biomass can be used as a new material to make graphene, which forms three-dimensional turbostratic crystallites. These crystallites, composed of partially defective aromatic carbon sheets with graphite-like characteristics, make it easier to create GO with specialized functions for cutting-edge applications. Its capability underscores the revolutionary potential of biomass waste in producing high-value products from otherwise overlooked resources . A number of manufacturing methods are carefully studied and tested to improve the structure and oxygen functionality of GO. These include catalytic ferrocene, Hummer's, modified Hummer's, catalytic acid spray (CAS), Tour's, and electrochemical exfoliation. Additionally, doping with non-metallic elements, including nitrogen, boron, sulfur, and phosphorus (e.g., N, B, S, P), is investigated to adjust the band gap and improve charge carrier mobility, all of which are essential for optimizing electro-optical performance in semiconductors. This study highlights the unexploited potential of biomass as a resource and establishes a foundation for the advancement of GO-based semiconductors, driving the development of more environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable electronic technology.

References

Acik, M & Chabal, Y J 2012, ‘A review on reducing graphene oxide for band gap engineering’, Journal of Materials Science Research, vol. 2, no. 1.

Adán-Más, A & Wei, D 2013, ‘Photoelectrochemical properties of graphene and its derivatives’, Nanomaterials, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 325–356.

Aghili, S, Panjepour, M & Meratian, M 2018, ‘Kinetic analysis of formation of boron trioxide from thermal decomposition of boric acid under non-isothermal conditions’, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 2443–2455.

Agnoli, S & Favaro, M 2016, ‘Doping graphene with boron: A review of synthesis methods, physicochemical characterization, and emerging applications’, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 4, no. 14, pp. 5002–5025.

Akhavan, O, Bijanzad, K & Mirsepah, A 2014, ‘Synthesis of graphene from natural and industrial carbonaceous wastes’, RSC Advances, vol. 4, no. 39, pp. 20441–20448.

Aliyev, E, Filiz, V, Khan, M M, Lee, Y J, Abetz, C & Abetz, V 2019, ‘Structural characterization of graphene oxide: Surface functional groups and fractionated oxidative debris’, Nanomaterials, vol. 9, no. 8.

Alomari, S A, Dubal, D P, MacLeod, J, Jadhav, S, Padwal, C & Motta, N 2023, ‘Nitrogen, phosphorus co-doped holey rGO as a cathode material for Li-ion capacitors (LICs)’, Applied Surface Science, vol. 641.

Amir Faiz, M S, Che Azurahanim, C A, Yazid, Y, Suriani, A B & Siti Nurul Ain, M J 2020, ‘Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide from tea waste and its photocatalytic application of TiO₂/graphene nanocomposite’, Materials Research Express, vol. 7, no. 1.

Anwar, A, Mohammed, B S, Wahab, M A & Liew, M S 2020, ‘Enhanced properties of cementitious composite tailored with graphene oxide nanomaterial – a review’, Developments in the Built Environment, vol. 1.

Arthi, G P B & L BD 2015, ‘A simple approach to stepwise synthesis of graphene oxide nanomaterial’, Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology, vol. 6, no. 1.

Asif, F C & Saha, G C 2023, ‘Graphene-like carbon structure synthesis from biomass pyrolysis: A critical review on feedstock–process–properties relationship’, C-Journal of Carbon Research, vol. 9, no. 1.

Avouris, P & Dimitrakopoulos, C 2012, ‘Graphene: Synthesis and applications’, Materials Today, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 86–97.

Balci, S, Sezgi, N A & Eren, E 2012, ‘Boron oxide production kinetics using boric acid as raw material’, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, vol. 51, no. 34, pp. 11091–11096.

Bleu, Y, Bourquard, F & Farre, C 2021, ‘Boron doped graphene synthesis using pulsed laser deposition and its electrochemical characterization’, HAL Open Science, vol. 22.

Chen, D, Feng, H & Li, J 2012, ‘Graphene oxide: Preparation, functionalization, and electrochemical applications’, Chemical Reviews, vol. 112, no. 11, pp. 6027–6053.

Chen, J, Li, Y, Huang, L, Li, C & Shi, G 2015, ‘High-yield preparation of graphene oxide from small graphite flakes via an improved Hummers method with a simple purification process’, Carbon, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 826–834.

Chen, J, Perez-Page, M, Ji, Z, Zhang, Z, Guo, Z & Holmes, S 2021, ‘One step electrochemical exfoliation of natural graphite flakes into graphene oxide for polybenzimidazole composite membranes giving enhanced performance in high temperature fuel cells’, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 491.

Chintagunta, A D, Zuccaro, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, S P J, Garlapati, V K, Postemsky, P D, Kumar, N S S, Chandel, A K & Simal-Gandara, J 2021, ‘Biodiesel production from lignocellulosic biomass using oleaginous microbes: Prospects for integrated biofuel production’, Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 12.

Choi, W, Lahiri, I, Seelaboyina, R & Kang, Y S 2010, ‘Synthesis of graphene and its applications: A review’, Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 52–71.

Chowdhury, S, Jiang, Y, Muthukaruppan, S & Balasubramanian, R 2018, ‘Effect of boron doping level on the photocatalytic activity of graphene aerogels’, Carbon, vol. 128, pp. 237–248.

Coppola, G, Gaudio, M T, Lopresto, C G, Calabro, V, Curcio, S & Chakraborty, S 2021, ‘Bioplastic from renewable biomass: A facile solution for a greener environment’, Earth Systems and Environment, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 231–251.

Cydric Ghogia, A, Nzihou, A, Serp, P, Soulantica, K & Pham Minh, D 2020, ‘Cobalt catalysts on carbon-based materials for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: A review’.

D, W C & G, D R 2015, Characteristics of selected elements, 5th edn, Wiley Binder Version, Salt Lake, Utah.

Dar, M A, Kim, Y S, Kim, W B, Sohn, J M & Shin, H S 2008, ‘Structural and magnetic properties of CuO nanoneedles synthesized by hydrothermal method’, Applied Surface Science, vol. 254, no. 22, pp. 7477–7481.

Das, D, Das, M, Sil, S, Sahu, P & Ray, P P 2022, ‘Effect of higher carrier mobility of the reduced graphene oxide–zinc telluride nanocomposite on efficient charge transfer facility and the photodecomposition of rhodamine B’, ACS Omega, vol. 7, no. 30, pp. 26483–26494.

Das, P, Das, M, Chinnadayyala, S R, Singha, I M & Goswami, P 2016, ‘Recent advances on developing 3rd generation enzyme electrode for biosensor applications’, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol. 79, pp. 386–397.

Dideykin, A, Aleksenskiy, A E, Kirilenko, D, Brunkov, P, Goncharov, V, Baidakova, M, Sakseev, D & Ya.vul, A 2011, ‘Monolayer graphene from graphite oxide’, Diamond and Related Materials, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 105–108.

Díez-Pascual, A M, Sánchez, J A L, Capilla, R P & Díaz, P G 2018, ‘Recent developments in graphene/polymer nanocomposites for application in polymer solar cells’, Polymers, vol. 10, no. 2.

Dikin, D A, Stankovich, S, Zimney, E J, Piner, R D, Dommett, G H B, Evmenenko, G, Nguyen, S T & Ruoff, R S 2007, ‘Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide paper’, Nature, vol. 448, no. 7152, pp. 457–460.

Dimiev, A M & Eigler, S 2017, Graphene oxide fundamentals and applications, 1st edn, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Southern Gate, Chichester.

Dimiev, A, Kosynkin, D V, Alemany, L B, Chaguine, P & Tour, J M 2012, ‘Pristine graphite oxide’, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 134, no. 5, pp. 2815–2822.

Dunn, B, Kamath, H & Tarascon, J M 2011, ‘Electrical energy storage for the grid: A battery of choices system power ratings, module size’.

Eda, G & Chhowalla, M 2010, ‘Chemically derived graphene oxide: Towards large-area thin-film electronics and optoelectronics’, Advanced Materials, vol. 22, no. 22, pp. 2392–2415.

Eda, G, Lin, Y Y, Mattevi, C, Yamaguchi, H, Chen, H A, Chen, I S, Chen, C W & Chhowalla, M 2010, ‘Blue photoluminescence from chemically derived graphene oxide’, Advanced Materials, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 505–509.

Eigler, S, Enzelberger-Heim, M & Grimm, S 2013, ‘Wet chemical synthesis of graphene’, Advanced Materials, vol. 25, no. 26, pp. 3583–3587.

Fan, Z, Ji, Y, Shao, Q, Geng, S, Zhu, W, Liu, Y, Liao, F, Hu, Z, Chang, Y C, Pao, C W, Li, Y, Kang, Z & Shao, M 2021, ‘Extraordinary acidic oxygen evolution on new phase 3R-iridium oxide’, Joule, vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 3221–3234.

Farhan, A, Zahid, M & Tahir, N 2023, ‘Investigation of boron-doped graphene oxide anchored with copper sulphide flowers as visible light active photocatalyst for methylene blue degradation’, Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1.

Fathy, M, Hosny, R, Keshawy, M & Gaffer, A 2019, ‘Green synthesis of graphene oxide from oil palm leaves as novel adsorbent for removal of Cu(II) ions from synthetic wastewater’, Graphene Technology, vol. 4, no. 1–2, pp. 33–40.

Fatriansyah, J F, Dhaneswara, D, Suhariadi, I, Widyantoro, M I, Ramadhan, B A, Rahmatullah, M Z & Hadi, R 2021, ‘Simple molecular dynamics simulation of hydrogen adsorption on ZSM-5, graphite nanofiber, graphene oxide framework, and reduced graphene oxide’, Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 12.

Fauziyah, N A, Kristanti, D A, Kusumaningtyas, P C, Cahya Wardhani, P, Sampe Tola, P & Fadly, T A 2023, ‘Analysis of carbon functional groups through FTIR patterns in the preparation of reduced graphene oxide (RGO)’.

Gao, W, Alemany, L B, Ci, L & Ajayan, P M 2009, ‘New insights into the structure and reduction of graphite oxide’, Nature Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 403–408.

Geim, A K & Novoselov, K S 2007, ‘The rise of graphene’, Manchester.

Ghulam, A N, Santos, O A L Dos, Hazeem, L, Backx, B P, Bououdina, M & Bellucci, S 2022, ‘Graphene oxide (GO) materials—applications and toxicity on living organisms and environment’, Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 13(2).

Glenis, S, Nelson, A J & Labes, M M 1999, ‘Sulfur doped graphite prepared via arc discharge of carbon rods in the presence of thiophenes’, Journal of Applied Physics, 86(8), pp. 4464–4466.

Graf, D, Molitor, F, Ensslin, K, Stampfer, C, Jungen, A, Hierold, C & Wirtz, L 2007, ‘Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy of single- and few-layer graphene’, Nano Letters, 7(2), pp. 238–242.

Hashmi, A, Singh, A K, Jain, B & Singh, A 2020, ‘Muffle atmosphere promoted fabrication of graphene oxide nanoparticle by agricultural waste’, Fullerenes Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 28(8), pp. 627–636.

Hofmann, H 1939, ‘Ulrich Hofmann und Rudolf Holst: Über die Saurenatur und die Methylierung von Graphitoxyd’, Bus d. Chem. Institut d. Universität Rostock.

Hontoria-Lucas, C, Lopez-einado, A J, De, J & Lopez-Gonzalez 1995, Study of oxygen-containing groups in a series of graphite oxides: Physical and chemical characterization, vol. 33.

Jadhav, U U & Hocheng, H 2012, A review of recovery of metals from industrial waste, Industrial Management and Organisation.

Jalili, S & Vaziri, R 2011, ‘Study of the electronic properties of Li-intercalated nitrogen doped graphite’, Molecular Physics, 109(5), pp. 687–694.

Jeong, H K, Yun, P L, Lahaye, R J W E, Park, M H, Kay, H A, Ick, J K, Yang, C W, Chong, Y P, Ruoff, R S & Young, H L 2008, ‘Evidence of graphitic AB stacking order of graphite oxides’, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(4), pp. 1362–1366.

Jiříčková, A, Jankovský, O, Sofer, Z & Sedmidubský, D 2022, ‘Synthesis and applications of graphene oxide’, Materials, 15(3).

Jo, G, Choe, M, Lee, S, Park, W, Kahng, Y H & Lee, T 2012, ‘The application of graphene as electrodes in electrical and optical devices’, Nanotechnology, 23(11).

Jung, I, Field, D A & Clark, N J 2009, ‘Reduction kinetics of graphene oxide determined by electrical transport measurements and temperature programmed desorption’, Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113(43), pp. 18480–18486.

Kamel, M S A, Oelgemöller, M & Jacob, M V 2024, ‘Chemical vapor deposition-grown graphene transparent conducting electrode for organic photovoltaics: Advances towards scalable transfer-free synthesis’, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 203.

Kaniyoor, A & Ramaprabhu, S 2012, ‘A Raman spectroscopic investigation of graphite oxide derived graphene’, AIP Advances, 2(3).

Karikalan, N, Karthik, R, Chen, S M, Karuppiah, C & Elangovan, A 2017, ‘Sonochemical synthesis of sulfur doped reduced graphene oxide supported CuS nanoparticles for the non-enzymatic glucose sensor applications’, Scientific Reports, 7(1).

Kellici, S, Acord, J, Ball, J, Reehal, H S, Morgan, D & Saha, B 2014, ‘A single rapid route for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide with antibacterial activities’, RSC Advances, 4(29), pp. 14858–14861.

Khan, M Q, Kumar, P, Khan, R A, Ahmad, K & Kim, H 2022, ‘Fabrication of sulfur-doped reduced graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode (S@rGO/GCE) based acetaminophen sensor’, Inorganics, 10(12).

Konstantopoulos, G, Fotou, E, Ntziouni, A, Kordatos, K & Charitidis, C A 2021, ‘A systematic study of electrolyte effect on exfoliation efficiency and green synthesis of graphene oxide’, Ceramics International, 47(22), pp. 32276–32289.

Krishnamoorthy, K, Mohan, R & Kim, S J 2011, ‘Graphene oxide as a photocatalytic material’, Applied Physics Letters, 98(24).

Kudin, K N, Ozbas, B, Schniepp, H C, Prud’homme, R K, Aksay, I A & Car, R 2008, ‘Raman spectra of graphite oxide and functionalized graphene sheets’, Nano Letters, 8(1), pp. 36–41.

Kudo, A & Miseki, Y 2009, ‘Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting’, Chemical Society Reviews, 38(1), pp. 253–278.

Kumar, A, Sadanandhan, A M & Jain, S L 2019, ‘Silver doped reduced graphene oxide as a promising plasmonic photocatalyst for oxidative coupling of benzylamines under visible light irradiation’, New Journal of Chemistry, 43(23), pp. 9116–9122.

Kumaravel, V, Imam, M D & Badreldin, A 2019, ‘Photocatalytic hydrogen production: Role of sacrificial reagents on the activity of oxide, carbon, and sulfide catalysts’, Catalysts, 9(3).

Laraba, S R, Luo, W, Rezzoug, A, Zahra, Q ul ain, Zhang, S, Wu, B, Chen, W, Xiao, L, Yang, Y, Wei, J & Li, Y 2022, ‘Graphene-based composites for biomedical applications’, Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 15(3), pp. 724–748.

Lerf, A, He, H, Forster, M & Klinowski, J 1998, ‘Structure of graphite oxide revisited’, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 102(23), pp. 4477–4482.

Lerf, A, Heb, H, Riedl, T, Forster, M & Klinowskib, J 1997, ‘13C and 1H MAS NMR studies of graphite oxide and its chemically modified derivatives’, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 101(13), pp. 362–367.

Li, D, Müller, M B, Gilje, S, Kaner, R B & Wallace, G G 2008, ‘Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets’, Nature Nanotechnology, 3(2), pp. 101–105.

Li, R, Wei, Z, Gou, X & Xu, W 2013, ‘Phosphorus-doped graphene nanosheets as efficient metal-free oxygen reduction electrocatalysts’, RSC Advances, 3(25), pp. 9978–9984.

Li, T F, Wang, X Q & Jiao, J 2018, ‘Catalytic transesterification of Pistacia chinensis seed oil using HPW immobilized on magnetic composite graphene oxide/cellulose microspheres’, Renewable Energy, 127, pp. 1017–1025.

Li, X, Cai, W & An, J 2009, ‘Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils’, Science, 324(5932), pp. 1312–1314.

Li, X, Zhang, G & Bai, X 2008, ‘Highly conducting graphene sheets and Langmuir-Blodgett films’, Nature Nanotechnology, 3(9), pp. 538–542.

Liu, Q, Gong, Y, Wang, T, Chan, W L & Wu, J 2016, ‘Metal-catalyst-free and controllable growth of high-quality monolayer and AB-stacked bilayer graphene on silicon dioxide’, Carbon, 96, pp. 203–211.

Liu, R, Gong, T, Zhang, K & Lee, C 2017, ‘Graphene oxide papers with high water adsorption capacity for air dehumidification’, Scientific Reports, 7(1), doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01824-y.

Liu, W & Speranza, G 2019, ‘Functionalization of carbon nanomaterials for biomedical applications’, C, 5(4), p. 72, doi:10.3390/c5040072.

Liu, W J, Jiang, H & Yu, H Q 2015, ‘Development of biochar-based functional materials: Toward a sustainable platform carbon material’, Chemical Reviews, 115(22), pp. 12251–12285, doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00195.

Liu, W W & Aziz, A 2022, ‘Review on the effects of electrochemical exfoliation parameters on the yield of graphene oxide’, ACS Omega, 7(38), pp. 33719–33731, doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c03732.

Liu, Z B, Zhang, X L, Yan, X Q, Chen, Y S & Tian, J G 2012, ‘Nonlinear optical properties of graphene-based materials’, Chinese Science Bulletin, 57(23), pp. 2971–2982.

Loh, K P, Bao, Q, Eda, G & Chhowalla, M 2010, ‘Graphene oxide as a chemically tunable platform for optical applications’, Nature Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 12, pp. 1015–1024, doi:10.1038/nchem.907.

López, R & Gómez, R 2012, ‘Band-gap energy estimation from diffuse reflectance measurements on sol-gel and commercial TiO₂: A comparative study’, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 1–7, doi:10.1007/s10971-011-2582-9.

Lv, R, Chen, G, Li, Q, McCreary, A, Botello-Méndez, A, Morozov, S V, Liang, L, Declerck, X, Perea-López, N, Cullen, D A, Feng, S, Elías, A L, Cruz-Silva, R, Fujisawa, K, Endo, M, Kang, F, Charlier, J C, Meunier, V, Pan, M, Harutyunyan, A R, Novoselov, K S & Terrones, M 2015, ‘Ultrasensitive gas detection of large-area boron-doped graphene’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 112, no. 47, pp. 14527–14532, doi:10.1073/pnas.1516036112.

Maldonado, S 2020, ‘The importance of new sand-to-silicon processes for the rapid future increase of photovoltaics’, ACS Energy Letters, vol. 5, no. 11, pp. 3628–3632, doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.0c01814.

Mannan, M A & Hirano, Y 2018, ‘Study of oxygen-containing groups in a series of graphite oxides: Physical and chemical characterization’, [journal not specified].

Mannan, M A, Hirano, Y, Quitain, A T, M, K & Kida, T 2018, ‘Boron doped graphene oxide: Synthesis and application to glucose responsive reactivity’, Journal of Material Science & Engineering, vol. 7, no. 5.

Marcano, D C, Kosynkin, D V, Berlin, J M, Sinitskii, A, Sun, Z, Slesarev, A, Alemany, L B, Lu, W & Tour, J M 2010, ‘Improved synthesis of graphene oxide’, ACS Nano, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 4806–4814, doi:10.1021/nn1006368.

Maroulas, K N, Karakotsou, A, Poulopoulos, S G, Konstantinou, I, Ladomenou, K & Kyzas, G Z 2024, ‘Graphene adsorbents and photocatalysts derived from agricultural wastes: A review’, Sustainable Chemistry for the Environment, vol. 8, doi:10.1016/j.scenv.2024.100113.

Mattevi, C, Eda, G, Agnoli, S, Miller, S, Mkhoyan, K A, Celik, O, Mastrogiovanni, D, Granozzi, G, Carfunkel, E & Chhowalla, M 2009, ‘Evolution of electrical, chemical, and structural properties of transparent and conducting chemically derived graphene thin films’, Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 19, no. 16, pp. 2577–2583.

Mehmood, A, Mubarak, N M, Khalid, M, Walvekar, R, Abdullah, E C, Siddiqui, M T H, Baloch, H A, Nizamuddin, S & Mazari, S 2020, ‘Graphene based nanomaterials for strain sensor application: A review’, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, vol. 8, no. 3, doi:10.1016/j.jece.2020.103743.

Mousavi, S M, Hashemi, S A, Gholami, A, Omidifar, N, Zarei, M, Bahrani, S, Yousefi, K, Chiang, W H & Babapoor, A 2021, ‘Bioinorganic synthesis of polyrhodanine stabilized Fe₃O₄/graphene oxide in microbial supernatant media for anticancer and antibacterial applications’, Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, vol. 2021, doi:10.1155/2021/9918796.

Muhammad, T 2020, ‘A review on bio-based graphene derived from biomass wastes’, Bioresources, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 9756–9785.

Mushahary, N, Sarkar, A, Basumatary, F, Brahma, S, Das, B & Basumatary, S 2024, ‘Recent developments on graphene oxide and its composite materials: From fundamentals to applications in biodiesel synthesis, adsorption, photocatalysis, supercapacitors, sensors and antimicrobial activity’, Results in Surfaces and Interfaces, vol. 15, doi:10.1016/j.rsi.2023.100184.

Nandee, R, Chowdhury, M A, Shahid, A, Hossain, N & Rana, M 2022, ‘Band gap formation of 2D material in graphene: Future prospect and challenges’, Results in Engineering, vol. 15, doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100530.

Ngidi, N P D & Ollengo, M A 2020, ‘Tuning the properties of boron-doped reduced graphene oxide by altering the boron content’, New Journal of Chemistry, vol. 44, no. 43, pp. 18921–18931, doi:10.1039/D0NJ03427A.

Nicholas, A F, Hussein, M Z, Zainal, Z & Khadiran, T 2018, ‘Palm kernel shell activated carbon as an inorganic framework for shape-stabilized phase change material’, Nanomaterials, vol. 8, no. 9, doi:10.3390/nano8090662.

Nupearachchi, C N, Mahatantila, K & Vithanage, M 2017, ‘Application of graphene for decontamination of water: Implications for sorptive removal’, Groundwater for Sustainable Development, vol. 5, pp. 206–215, doi:10.1016/j.gsd.2017.06.002.

Pang, S, Tsao, H N, Feng, X & Mullen, K 2009, ‘Patterned graphene electrodes from solution-processed graphite oxide films for organic field-effect transistors’, Advanced Materials, vol. 21, no. 34, pp. 3488–3491, doi:10.1002/adma.200900651.

Paredes, J I, Villar-Rodil, S, Martínez-Alonso, A & Tascón, J M D 2008, ‘Graphene oxide dispersions in organic solvents’, Langmuir, vol. 24, no. 19, pp. 10560–10564, doi:10.1021/la801744a.

Park, S & Ruoff, R S 2009, ‘Chemical methods for the production of graphenes’, Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 217–224, doi:10.1038/nnano.2008.227.

Pei, S & Cheng, H M 2012, ‘The reduction of graphene oxide’, Carbon, vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 3210–3228, doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2011.11.010.

Pendolino, F & Armata, N 2017, Graphene oxide in environmental remediation process, Springer Briefs in Applied Sciences and Technology, Springer, Cham, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51354-8.

Peng, H, Huang, Z, Zheng, Y, Chen, W, Liu, A & Lin, X 2014, ‘A novel nanocomposite matrix based on graphene oxide and ferrocene-branched organically modified sol-gel/chitosan for biosensor application’, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 1941–1949, doi:10.1007/s10008-014-2400-y.

Pham, P V 2018, ‘A library of doped-graphene images via transmission electron microscopy’, C, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 34, doi:10.3390/c4020034.

Poh, H L, Sofer, Z, Nováček, M & Pumera, M 2014, ‘Concurrent phosphorus doping and reduction of graphene oxide’, Chemistry – A European Journal, vol. 20, no. 15, pp. 4284–4291, doi:10.1002/chem.201304857.

Qin, L, Wang, L, Yang, X, Ding, R, Zheng, Z, Chen, X & Lv, B 2018, ‘Synergistic enhancement of oxygen reduction reaction with BC₃ and graphitic-N in boron- and nitrogen-codoped porous graphene’, Journal of Catalysis, vol. 359, pp. 242–250, doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2018.01.019.

Rani, R, Sethi, K & Singh, G 2019, ‘Nanomaterials and their applications in bioimaging’, in Nanotechnology in the Life Sciences, Springer Science and Business Media, B V, pp. 429–450.

Romanos, J, Beckner, M & Stalla, D 2013, ‘Infrared study of boron-carbon chemical bonds in boron-doped activated carbon’, Carbon, vol. 54, pp. 208–214, doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2012.11.033.

Rouf, T B & Kokini, J L 2016, ‘Biodegradable biopolymer–graphene nanocomposites’, Journal of Materials Science, vol. 51, no. 22, pp. 9915–9945, doi:10.1007/s10853-016-0221-0.

Roy, M, Kusurkar, T S, Maurya, S K & Meena, S K 2014, ‘Graphene oxide from silk cocoon: A novel magnetic fluorophore for multi-photon imaging’, 3 Biotech, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 67–75, doi:10.1007/s13205-013-0129-9.

Schniepp, H C, Li, J L, McAllister, M J, Sai, H, Herrera-Alonson, M, Adamson, D H, Prud’homme, R K, Car, R, Seville, D A & Aksay, I A 2006, ‘Functionalized single graphene sheets derived from splitting graphite oxide’, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 110, no. 17, pp. 8535–8539, doi:10.1021/jp060936f.

Selvakumar, D, Murugadoss, G, Alsalme, A, Alkathiri, A M & Jayavel, R 2018, ‘Heteroatom doped reduced graphene oxide paper for large area perovskite solar cells’, Solar Energy, vol. 163, pp. 564–569, doi:10.1016/j.solener.2018.02.019.

Shiyanova, K A, Gudkov, M V, Gorenberg, A Y, Rabchinskii, M K, Smirnov, D A, Shapetina, M A, Gurinovich, T D, Goncharuk, G P, Kirilenko, D A, Bazhenov, S L & Melnikov, V P 2020, ‘Segregated network polymer composites with high electrical conductivity and well mechanical properties based on PVC, P(VDF-TFE), UHMWPE, and rGO’, ACS Omega, vol. 5, no. 39, pp. 25148–25155, doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c03843.

Si, Y & Samulski, E T 2008, ‘Synthesis of water soluble graphene’, Nano Letters, vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1679–1682, doi:10.1021/nl080604h.

Siaw, W C, Tsuji, T, Abdul Manaf, N, Abdul Patah, M F & Mohamed Jan, B 2020, ‘Synthesis of graphene oxide from industrial waste’, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 778, Institute of Physics Publishing, doi:10.1088/1757-899X/778/1/012043.

Siddique, F, Rafiq, M A, Afsar, M F, Hasan, M M & Chaudhry, M M 2018, ‘Enhancement of degradation of mordant orange, safranin-O and acridine orange by CuS nanoparticles in the presence of H₂O₂ in dark and in ambient light’, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 29, no. 22, pp. 19180–19191, doi:10.1007/s10854-018-9887-6.

Singh, R, Dogra, S, Dixit, S, Vatin, N I, Bhardwaj, R, Sundramoorthy, A K, Perera, H C S, Patole, S P, Mishra, R K & Arya, S 2024, ‘Advancements in thermoelectric materials for efficient waste heat recovery and renewable energy generation’, Hybrid Advances, vol. 5, p. 100176, doi:10.1016/j.hya.2024.100176.

Singh, V, Joung, D, Zhai, L, Das, S, Khondaker, S I & Seal, S 2011, ‘Graphene based materials: Past, present and future’, Progress in Materials Science, vol. 56, no. 8, pp. 1178–1271, doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.03.003.

Sinha, S, Kim, H & Robertson, A W 2021, Preparation and application of 0D-2D nanomaterial hybrid heterostructures for energy applications, Materials Today Advances, vol. 12, doi:10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100175.

Sofyan, N, Jamil, A M, Ridhova, A, Yuwono, A H, Dhaneswara, D & Fergus, J W 2024, ‘Graphene oxide doping in tropical almond (Terminalia catappa L.) fruits extract mediated green synthesis of TiO₂ nanoparticles for improved DSSC power conversion efficiency’, Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 8, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31437.

Somanathan, T, Prasad, K, Ostrikov, K K, Saravanan, A & Krishna, V M 2015, ‘Graphene oxide synthesis from agro waste’, Nanomaterials, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 826–834, doi:10.3390/nano5020826.

Stankovich, S, Dikin, D A, Piner, R D, Kohlhaas, K A, Kleinhammes, A, Jia, Y, Wu, Y, Nguyen, S B T & Ruoff, R S 2007, ‘Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide’, Carbon, vol. 45, no. 7, pp. 1558–1565, doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.02.034.

Sujiono, E H, Zurnansyah, Zabrian, D, Dahlan, M Y, Amin, B D, Samnur & Agus, J 2020, ‘Graphene oxide based coconut shell waste: Synthesis by modified Hummers method and characterization’, Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 8, doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04568.

Sunu, W, Dwandaru, B, Irawan, R, Wijaya, W & Parwati, L D 2019, Nanomaterial graphene oxide: Sintesis dan karakterisasinya, UNY Press.

Supriadi, M 2024, ‘Introduction to electrical engineering: Semiconductor energy band concepts’, International Journal of Society Reviews (INJOSER), vol. 2, no. 9.

Tang, L, Wang, Y, Li, Y, Feng, H, Lu, J & Li, J 2009, ‘Preparation, structure, and electrochemical properties of reduced graphene sheet films’, Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 19, no. 17, pp. 2782–2789.

Teimuri-Mofrad, R, Hadi, R & Abbasi, H 2019, ‘Synthesis and characterization of ferrocene-functionalized reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite as a supercapacitor electrode material’, Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, vol. 880, pp. 355–362.

Thiele, H 1930, ‘Graphit und Graphitsaure’, Journal of Inorganic and General Chemistry, vol. 190, no. 1.

Thirumal, V, Pandurangan, A, Jayavel, R & Ilangovan, R 2016, ‘Synthesis and characterization of boron doped graphene nanosheets for supercapacitor applications’, Synthetic Metals, vol. 220, pp. 524–532.

Thirumal, V, Pandurangan, A, Jayavel, R, Venkatesh, K S, Palani, N S, Ragavan, R & Ilangovan, R 2015, ‘Single pot electrochemical synthesis of functionalized and phosphorus doped graphene nanosheets for supercapacitor applications’, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 6319–6328.

Tilli, M & Haapalinna, A 2015, ‘Properties of Silicon’, in Handbook of Silicon Based MEMS Materials and Technologies: Second Edition, Elsevier Inc., pp. 3–17.

Titirici, M M, White, R J, Falco, C & Sevilla, M 2012, ‘Black perspectives for a green future: Hydrothermal carbons for environment protection and energy storage’, Energy and Environmental Science, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 6796–6822.

Tohamy, H A S, Anis, B, Youssef, M A, Abdallah, A E M, El-Sakhawy, M & Kamel, S 2020, ‘Preparation of eco-friendly graphene oxide from agricultural wastes for water treatment’, Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 191, pp. 250–262.

Trikkaliotis, D G, Christoforidis, A K, Mitropoulos, A C & Kyzas, G Z 2021, ‘Graphene oxide synthesis, properties and characterization techniques: A comprehensive review’, ChemEngineering, vol. 5, no. 3.

Velasco-Soto, M A, Pérez-García, S A, Alvarez-Quintana, J, Cao, Y, Nyborg, L & Licea-Jiménez, L 2015, ‘Selective band gap manipulation of graphene oxide by its reduction with mild reagents’, Carbon, vol. 93, pp. 967–973.

Wang, B & Song, C 2022, ‘Graphene bandgap opening by constructing superlattices with BN or MoO₂ under pressure’, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 2331.

Wang, P, Wang, J & Wang, X 2013, ‘One-step synthesis of easy-recycling TiO₂–rGO nanocomposite photocatalysts with enhanced photocatalytic activity’, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vols. 132–133, pp. 452–459.

Wang, X, Sun, G, Routh, P, Kim, D H, Huang, W & Chen, P 2014, ‘Heteroatom-doped graphene materials: Syntheses, properties and applications’, Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 43, no. 20, pp. 7067–7098.

Xing, T, Zheng, Y, Li, L H, Cowie, B C C, Gunzelmann, D, Qiao, S Z, Huang, S & Chen, Y 2014, ‘Observation of active sites for oxygen reduction reaction on nitrogen-doped multilayer graphene’, ACS Nano, vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 6856–6862.

Xu, C, Cao, Y, Kumar, R, Wu, X, Wang, X & Scott, K 2011, ‘A polybenzimidazole/sulfonated graphite oxide composite membrane for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells’, Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 30, pp. 11359–11364.

Xu, Y, Cao, H, Xue, Y, Li, B & Cai, W 2018, ‘Liquid-phase exfoliation of graphene: An overview on exfoliation media, techniques, and challenges’, Nanomaterials, vol. 8, no. 11.

Xu, Y, Mo, Y, Tian, J, Wang, P, Yu, H & Yu, J 2016, ‘The synergistic effect of graphitic N and pyrrolic N for the enhanced photocatalytic performance of nitrogen-doped graphene/TiO₂ nanocomposites’, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 181, pp. 810–817.

Yousuf, A 2012, ‘Biodiesel from lignocellulosic biomass – Prospects and challenges’, Waste Management, vol. 32, no. 11, pp. 2061–2067.

Yu, P, Lowe, S E, Simon, G P & Zhong, Y L 2015, ‘Electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and production of functional graphene’, Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 20, nos. 5–6, pp. 329–338.

Zhang, H, Liu, J, Xu, T, Ji, W & Zong, X 2023, ‘Recent advances on small band gap semiconductor materials (≤2.1 eV) for solar water splitting’, Catalysts, vol. 13, no. 4.

Zhang, K, Suh, J M & Lee, T H 2019, ‘Copper oxide–graphene oxide nanocomposite: Efficient catalyst for hydrogenation of nitroaromatics in water’, Nano Convergence, vol. 6, no. 1.

Zhao, B, Liu, P & Jiang, Y 2012, ‘Supercapacitor performances of thermally reduced graphene oxide’, Journal of Power Sources, vol. 198, pp. 423–427.

Zhao, J, Pei, S, Ren, W, Gao, L & Cheng, H M 2010, ‘Efficient preparation of large-area graphene oxide sheets for transparent conductive films’, ACS Nano, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 5245–5252.

Zhou, Q, Shi, M, Wu, M, Zhao, N, Shi, P, Zhu, Y, Wang, A, Ye, C, Lin, C T & Fu, L 2024, ‘Optimizing graphene dopants for direct electrocatalytic quantification of small molecules and ions’, Catalysts, vol. 14, no. 1.

Zhou, S Y, Gweon, G H, Fedorov, A V, First, P N, De Heer, W A, Lee, D H, Guinea, F, Castro Neto, A H & Lanzara, A 2007, ‘Substrate-induced bandgap opening in epitaxial graphene’, Nature Materials, vol. 6, no. 10, pp. 770–775.

Download

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.