•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Abdominal obesity is a condition characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the abdominal region, which can increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. In 2023, Riau Islands Province recorded the highest prevalence of abdominal obesity in the island of Sumatra, at 42.5%. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of abdominal obesity among adults aged 19–44 years in Riau Islands Province based on gender, using secondary data from the 2023 Indonesia Health Survey (SKI). A total of 3,466 respondents were analyzed using chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression. The results showed that the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 38.3%, with a higher prevalence among women (54.7%) compared to men (24.6%). Among women, abdominal obesity was significantly associated with age, marital status, body mass index, and emotional mental disorders. Among men, significant factors included age, education level, marital status, consumption of fatty foods, sweet drinks, soft drinks, energy drink, and vegetable, smoking status, physical activity, and BMI (p < 0.05). The dominant factor associated with abdominal obesity was body mass index in both women (OR = 12.794) and men (OR = 11.581).

References

1. Ide TJP, Ndiokwelu CI, Essien NA, Maduforo AN, Odo CC, Ene-Obong HN. Association between abdominal obesity and some selected non-communicable diseases among adults in Calabar metropolis, Cross River State, Nigeria. J Dietitians Assoc Niger [Internet]. 2022 Sep 5;13(1):1–10. Available from: https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jdan/article/view/231219

2. Magkos F. Metabolically healthy obesity: what–s in a name? Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2019 Sep;110(3):533–9. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002916522012126

3. Huxley R, Mendis S, Zheleznyakov E, Reddy S, Chan J. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist:hip ratio as predictors of cardiovascular risk—a review of the literature. Eur J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2010 Jan 5;64(1):16–22. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ejcn200968

4. Molla MD, Wolde HF, Atnafu A. Magnitude of Central Obesity and its Associated Factors Among Adults in Urban Areas of Northwest Ethiopia. Diabetes, Metab Syndr Obes Targets Ther [Internet]. 2020 Nov;Volume 13:4169–78. Available from: https://www.dovepress.com/magnitude-of-central-obesity-and-its-associated-factors-among-adults-i-peer-reviewed-article-DMSO

5. Dhawan D, Sharma S. Abdominal Obesity, Adipokines and Non-communicable Diseases. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol [Internet]. 2020 Oct;203:105737. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960076020302624

6. Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Després J-P, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ, et al. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation [Internet]. 2021 May 25;143(21). Available from: https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000973

7. World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates: Leading Causes of Death [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Aug 20]. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mortality-and-global-health-estimates/ghe-leading-causes-of-death

8. Anyanwu OA, Naumova EN, Chomitz VR, Zhang F-F, Chui K, Kartasurya MI, et al. The Socio-Ecological Context of the Nutrition Transition in Indonesia: A Qualitative Investigation of Perspectives from Multi-Disciplinary Stakeholders. Nutrients [Internet]. 2022 Dec 21;15(1):25. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/1/25

9. Colozza D, Avendano M. Urbanisation, dietary change and traditional food practices in Indonesia: A longitudinal analysis. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2019 Jul;233:103–12. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953619303296

10. Wong MCS, Huang J, Wang J, Chan PSF, Lok V, Chen X, et al. Global, regional and time-trend prevalence of central obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13.2 million subjects. Eur J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2020 Jul 24;35(7):673–83. Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10654-020-00650-3

11. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Laporan Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013. Indonesia; 2013.

12. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Laporan Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2018. Jakarta, Indonesia: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan RI; 2018.

13. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) dalam Angka. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2023.

14. World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Aug 20]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

15. Prasad DS, Kabir Z, Revathi Devi K, Peter PS, Das BC. Gender differences in central obesity: Implications for cardiometabolic health in South Asians. Indian Heart J [Internet]. 2020 May;72(3):202–4. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S001948322030081X

16. Tegegne KD, Wagaw GB, Gebeyehu NA, Yirdaw LT, Shewangashaw NE, Mekonen NA, et al. Prevalence of central obesity and associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) [Internet]. 2022;13. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.983180

17. World Health Organization. Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva: WHO; 2011.

18. Lassek WD, Gaulin SJC. Changes in body fat distribution in relation to parity in American women: A covert form of maternal depletion. Am J Phys Anthropol [Internet]. 2006 Oct;131(2):295–302. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.20394

19. Gunderson EP, Sternfeld B, Wellons MF, Whitmer RA, Chiang V, Quesenberry CP, et al. Childbearing May Increase Visceral Adipose Tissue Independent of Overall Increase in Body Fat. Obesity [Internet]. 2008 May 6;16(5):1078–84. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2008.40

20. Li W, Wang Y, Shen L, Song L, Li H, Liu B, et al. Association between parity and obesity patterns in a middle-aged and older Chinese population: a cross-sectional analysis in the Tongji-Dongfeng cohort study. Nutr Metab (Lond) [Internet]. 2016 Dec 26;13(1):72. Available from: http://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12986-016-0133-7

21. Bender RL. Body Fat Patterning. In: The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology [Internet]. Wiley; 2018. p. 1–5. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118584538.ieba0066

22. Sudikno S, Syarief H, Dwiriani CM, Riyadi H. Faktor Risiko Obesitas Sentral pada Orang Dewasa Umur 25-65 Tahun di Indonesia (Analisis Data Riset Kesehatan Dasar 2013). Penelit Gizi dan Makanan (The J Nutr Food Res [Internet]. 2016 Sep 28;38(2). Available from: http://ejournal.litbang.kemkes.go.id/index.php/pgm/article/view/5540

23. Puspitaningsih DA. Perbedaan proporsi obesitas sentral berdasarkan perilaku konsumsi dan faktor lainnya pada penduduk dewasa (usia 20-45 tahun) di Provinsi Sumatera Utara: Analisis Data Riskesdas 2018. Universitas Indonesia; 2020.

24. Dagne S, Menber Y, Petrucka P, Wassihun Y. Prevalence and associated factors of abdominal obesity among the adult population in Woldia town, Northeast Ethiopia, 2020: Community-based cross-sectional study. Bhargava M, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2021 Mar 8;16(3):e0247960. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247960

25. Chang S-H, Beason TS, Hunleth JM, Colditz GA. A systematic review of body fat distribution and mortality in older people. Maturitas [Internet]. 2012 Jul;72(3):175–91. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378512212001508

26. Ponti F, Santoro A, Mercatelli D, Gasperini C, Conte M, Martucci M, et al. Aging and Imaging Assessment of Body Composition: From Fat to Facts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) [Internet]. 2020 Jan 14;10. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fendo.2019.00861/full

27. Lazzer S, Bedogni G, Lafortuna CL, Marazzi N, Busti C, Galli R, et al. Relationship Between Basal Metabolic Rate, Gender, Age, and Body Composition in 8,780 White Obese Subjects. Obesity [Internet]. 2010 Jan 31;18(1):71–8. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1038/oby.2009.162

28. Thompson J, Manore M, Vaughan L. The Science of Nutrition. 5th ed. Pearson; 2020.

29. Tchernof A, Després J-P. Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update. Physiol Rev [Internet]. 2013 Jan;93(1):359–404. Available from: https://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.00033.2011

30. Parinduri FK, Djokosujono K, Parinduri SK. Faktor Dominan Obesitas Sentral Pada Usia 40-60 Tahun Di Indonesia (Analisis Data Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 Tahun 2014/2015). Hearty [Internet]. 2021 Aug 11;9(2):58. Available from: http://ejournal.uika-bogor.ac.id/index.php/Hearty/article/view/5397

31. Kusteviani F. Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Obesitas Abdominal pada Usia Produktif (15 - 64 Tahun) di Kota Surabaya. J Berk Epidemiol. 2015;3(1):45–56.

32. Puspitasari N. Kejadian Obesitas Sentral pada Usia Dewasa. HIGEIA (Journal Public Heal Res Dev [Internet]. 2018 Apr 30;2(2):249–59. Available from: https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/higeia/article/view/21112

33. Ali N, Mohanto NC, Nurunnabi SM, Haque T, Islam F. Prevalence and risk factors of general and abdominal obesity and hypertension in rural and urban residents in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health [Internet]. 2022 Sep 8;22(1):1707. Available from: https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-022-14087-8

34. Popiolek-Kalisz J, Cakici C, Szczygiel K, Przytula A. The Impact of Education Level on Individual Lifestyle Behaviors among Dietetics Students and Professionals. Clocks & Sleep [Internet]. 2024 Feb 10;6(1):85–96. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2624-5175/6/1/7

35. Getahun MS, Deybasso HA, Komicha MA, Gurara AM. Magnitude of central obesity and associated factors among adult patients attending public health facilities in Adama town, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2022. J Heal Popul Nutr [Internet]. 2023 Jun 17;42(1):57. Available from: https://jhpn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41043-023-00397-z

36. Kim G, Woo H, Ji Y-A. Factors Affecting Abdominal Obesity: Analyzing National Data. Healthcare [Internet]. 2024;12(8):827. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/8/827

37. Turnic TN, Jakovljevic V, Strizhkova Z, Polukhin N, Ryaboy D, Kartashova M, et al. The Association between Marital Status and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diseases [Internet]. 2024 Jul 5;12(7):146. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9721/12/7/146

38. Setyonalur D, Setyonaluri D, Nasution G, Ayunisa F, Kharistiyanti A, Sulistya F. Social Norms and Women’s Economic Participation in Indonesia [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://investinginwomen.asia/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Lembaga-Demografi-Faculty-of-Economics-and-Business-Universitas-Indonesia-Social-Norms-and-Womens-Economic-Participation-1.pdf

39. Tefera W, Shuremu M, Tadelle A, Abdissa D, Banjaw Z. Magnitude of central obesity and associated factors among adults working in government offices in Bedele town, Buno Bedele zone, Southwest Ethiopia. SAGE Open Med [Internet]. 2022 Jan 29;10. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20503121221105993

40. Samadoulougou S, Diallo M, Cissé K, Ngwasiri C, Aminde LN, Kirakoya-Samadoulogou F. High Urban-Rural Inequities of Abdominal Obesity in Malawi: Insights from the 2009 and 2017 Malawi Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors Surveys. Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2022 Sep 20;19(19):11863. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/19/11863

41. Thapa R, Dahl C, Aung WP, Bjertness E. Urban–rural differences in overweight and obesity among 25–64 years old Myanmar residents: a cross-sectional, nationwide survey. BMJ Open [Internet]. 2021 Mar 2;11(3):e042561. Available from: https://bmjopen.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042561

42. Rahayuningsih AND, Muniroh L. Hubungan Aktivitas Fisik, Asupan Kalsium, dan Lemak dengan Obesitas Sentral pada Tenaga Kerja Perkantoran. Media Gizi Kesmas [Internet]. 2022;11(2):351–7. Available from: https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MGK/article/view/33036

43. Mellisa M, Simanjuntak BY, Krisnasary A. The Correlation of Sugar, Salt and Oil Consumption Patterns with Central Obesity in Government Employees at the Regional Library and Archives Service Office of Bengkulu Province. Amerta Nutr. 2023;7(2):118–23.

44. Annisa NR, Dieny FF, Nissa C, Tsani AFA. Sugar-sweetened beverages as risk factor of central obesity among women in reproductive age. Indones J Nutr. 2020;8(2):126–33.

45. Ardeshirlarijani E, Jalilpiran Y, Daneshzad E, Larijani B, Namazi N, Azadbakht L. Association between sugar-sweetened beverages and waist circumference in adult populations: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clin Nutr ESPEN [Internet]. 2021 Feb;41:118–25. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405457720310597

46. Funtikova AN, Subirana I, Gomez SF, Fitó M, Elosua R, Benítez-Arciniega AA, et al. Soft Drink Consumption Is Positively Associated with Increased Waist Circumference and 10-Year Incidence of Abdominal Obesity in Spanish Adults1–3. J Nutr [Internet]. 2015 Feb;145(2):328–34. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022316622086278

47. Nguyen M, Jarvis SE, Tinajero MG, Yu J, Chiavaroli L, Mejia SB, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2023 Jan;117(1):160–74. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002916522105290

48. Alyafei A, Easton-Carr. R. The Health Belief Model of Behavior Change [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606120/

49. Flegal KM. Evaluating epidemiologic evidence of the effects of food and nutrient exposures. Am J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 1999 Jun;69(6):1339S-1344S. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002916522044586

50. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Kalle-Uhlmann T, Arregui M, Buijsse B, Boeing H. Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Changes in Anthropometric Variables in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Triche EW, editor. PLoS One [Internet]. 2015 Oct 16;10(10):e0140846. Available from: https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140846

51. Halkjær J, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Sørensen TIA. Dietary Predictors of 5-Year Changes in Waist Circumference. J Am Diet Assoc [Internet]. 2009 Aug;109(8):1356–66. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002822309006373

52. Guyenet SJ. Impact of Whole, Fresh Fruit Consumption on Energy Intake and Adiposity: A Systematic Review. Front Nutr [Internet]. 2019 May 8;6. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnut.2019.00066/full

53. Su J, Li Q, Mao P, Peng H, Han H, Wiley J, et al. Does the Association of Sedentary Time or Fruit/Vegetable Intake with Central Obesity Depend on Menopausal Status among Women? Int J Environ Res Public Health [Internet]. 2022 Aug 15;19(16):10083. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/16/10083

54. Dewanti D, Syauqy A, Noer ER, Pramono A. Hubungan Pola Makan dan Aktivitas Fisik dengan Obesitas Sentral pada Usia Lanjut di Indonesia : Data Riset Kesehatan Dasar. J Indones Nutr Assoc. 2022;45(2):79–90.

55. Kim Y, Jeong SM, Yoo B, Oh B, Kang H-C. Associations of smoking with overall obesity, and central obesity: a cross-sectional study from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2013). Epidemiol Health [Internet]. 2016 May 19;38:e2016020. Available from: http://e-epih.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.4178/epih.e2016020

56. Direk N, Newson RS, Hofman A, Kirschbaum C, Tiemeier H. Short and long-term effects of smoking on cortisol in older adults. Int J Psychophysiol [Internet]. 2011 May;80(2):157–60. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167876011000572

57. Carrasquilla GD, García‐Ureña M, Romero‐Lado MJ, Kilpeläinen TO. Estimating causality between smoking and abdominal obesity by Mendelian randomization. Addiction [Internet]. 2024 Jun 20;119(6):1024–34. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/add.16454

58. Apalasamy YD, Awang H, Mansor N, AbRashid N, Kamarulzaman ND, Lih Yoong T. Factors Associated With Obesity and Abdominal Obesity Among Malaysian Older Adults. Asia Pacific J Public Heal [Internet]. 2021 Jul 20;33(5):547–54. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/10105395211014634

59. Gupta R Das, Tamanna N, Akonde M, Gavi S, Haider SS, Chakraborty PA. Prevalence and factors associated with abdominal obesity among Bangladeshi adults: Evidence from a nationally representative survey. Obes Med [Internet]. 2022 Aug;33:100427. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2451847622000392

60. Pitanga FJG, Pitanga CPS, Beck CC. Physical Activity in the Prevention of Abdominal Obesity: Type, Duration and Intensity. Int J Sport Exerc Med [Internet]. 2018 Dec 31;4(4). Available from: https://www.clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsem/international-journal-of-sports-and-exercise-medicine-ijsem-4-106.php?jid=ijsem

61. Garritson JD, Boudina S. The Effects of Exercise on White and Brown Adipose Tissue Cellularity, Metabolic Activity and Remodeling. Front Physiol [Internet]. 2021 Nov 2;12. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2021.772894/full

62. Golzarand M, Salari-Moghaddam A, Mirmiran P. Association between alcohol intake and overweight and obesity: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of 127 observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr [Internet]. 2022 Oct 17;62(29):8078–98. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2021.1925221

63. Sugianti E, Hardinsyah, Afriansyah N. Faktor Risiko Obesitas Sentral pada Orang Dewasa di DKI Jakarta : Analisis Lanjut Data Riskesdas 2007. Gizi Indones. 2009;32(2):105–16.

64. Indraswari DA, Al Ahmadi HU, Arum Sari DW, Jordan T, Puruhito B, Basyar E, et al. Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference are Associated with Visceral Fats Measured by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Adolescents. J Kedokt Diponegoro [Internet]. 2021 Sep 30;10(5):351–6. Available from: https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/medico/article/view/32040

65. Susantini P. Hubungan Indeks Masa Tubuh (IMT) dengan Persen Lemak Tubuh, dan Lemak Viscelar di Kota Semarang. J Gizi [Internet]. 2021 Jun 3;10(1):51. Available from: https://jurnal.unimus.ac.id/index.php/jgizi/article/view/7440

66. Limbong MNA, Malinti E. Hubungan Indeks Massa Tubuh dengan Persen Lemak Tubuh dan Lemak Visceral Pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Keperawatan. Nutr J [Internet]. 2023 Apr 30;7(1):43. Available from: http://ejournal.unklab.ac.id/index.php/nutrix/article/view/929

Bahasa Abstract

Obesitas sentral adalah kondisi penumpukan lemak berlebih di daerah abdomen yang dapat meningkatkan risiko diabetes melitus tipe 2, dislipidemia, hipertensi, dan penyakit kardiovaskular. Provinsi Kepulauan Riau tercatat memiliki prevalensi obesitas sentral tertinggi di Pulau Sumatera pada tahun 2023, yaitu sebesar 42,5%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis determinan obesitas sentral pada penduduk usia dewasa (19–44 tahun) di Provinsi Kepulauan Riau berdasarkan jenis kelamin, menggunakan data sekunder Survei Kesehatan Indonesia (SKI) 2023. Sebanyak 3.466 responden dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square dan regresi logistik ganda. Hasil menunjukkan prevalensi obesitas sentral sebesar 38,3%, dengan angka lebih tinggi pada perempuan (54,7%) dibandingkan laki-laki (24,6%). Pada perempuan, obesitas sentral secara signifikan berhubungan dengan usia, status pernikahan, indeks massa tubuh (IMT), dan gangguan mental emosional. Pada laki-laki, faktor yang signifikan meliputi usia, tingkat pendidikan, status pernikahan, konsumsi makanan berlemak, minuman manis, konsumsi minuman soda dan minuman berenergi, konsumsi sayur, merokok, aktivitas fisik, serta IMT (p < 0,05). Faktor dominan yang berhubungan dengan obesitas sentral adalah indeks massa tubuh baik pada kelompok perempuan (OR = 12.794) maupun kelompok laki-laki (OR = 11.581).

Download

Share

COinS