•  
  •  
 

Abstract

This article attempts to show and map the feminist agenda in the writings of Indonesian women writers. Focusing on selected prominent Indonesian women writers whose works can be categorized as articulating feminist ideas and perspectives, namely Suwarsih Djojopuspito, Nh Dini, Oka Rusmini, Ratih Kumala, and Intan Paramaditha, I demonstrate how these writers question and examine cultural attributes as a crucial part of gender construction in their works. This article only focuses on writing in prose. By investigating how these writers articulate themselves and how women are written in[to] their works, this research elaborates on women’s writing as rebellion and protest and offers, even provokes gender transgression. Responding to their specific backgrounds and in light of the political and cultural development, the selected writers display protest against and deviance from the patriarchal norms and collectively contribute to the formation of what I coin kebaya feminism, namely feminism that is deeply rooted in Indonesian culture, but accommodates with agility to ideas in the intersections with other cultures.

References

Ahmed, S. 2000a. Transformations thinking through feminism. London/New York, NY: Routledge. [Retrieved from: http://site.ebrary.com/id/2002428.]

Ahmed, S. 2000b. “Whose counting?”, Feminist Theory 1(1): 97-103.

Allen, P. 2007. “Beyond écriture feminine; Desperately seeking a new literary paradigm”, Review of Indonesian and Malaysian affairs 41(2): 25-40.

Amirio, D. 2019. “Intan Paramaditha’s novel wins PEN’s two prestigious grants”. [Retrieved from: https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2019/01/30/intan-paramadithas-novel-wins-pens-two-prestigious-grants.html; accessed on 26-6-2021.]

Anzaldúa, G.E. 1983. “Speaking in tongues; A letter to 3rd world women writers”, in: C. Moraga and G.E. Anzaldúa (eds), This bridge called my back; Writings by radical women of color, pp. 165-173. Albany, NY: Kitchen Table, Women of Color Press.

Armitt, L. 1996. Theorising the fantastic. London: Arnold. [Distributed exclusively in the USA by St. Martins Press.]

Aveling, H. 2007. “Indonesian literature after Reformasi; The tongues of women”, Kritika Kultura 8(1): 5-34.

Barr, M.S. 1987. Alien to femininity; Speculative fiction and feminist theory. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Bergland, B. 1994. “Postmodernism and the autobiographical subject; Reconstructing the ‘Other’”, in: L.G. Kathleen Ashley and Gerald Peters (eds), Autobiography and Postmodernism, pp. 130-166. Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press.

Birowo, A. n.d. “Ratih Kumala; Profesi penulis mampu menghidupi”. [Retrieved from: https://rayakultura.net/ratih-kumala-profesi-penulis-mampu-menghidupi; accessed on 5-5-2021.]

Blackburn, S. (ed. and trans.). 2007. The first Indonesian women‘s congress of 1928. Australia: Monash Asia Institute, Monash University.

Budiman, M. 2005. “Ketika perempuan menulis”, Srinth!l 8: 8-37.

Budiman, M. 2015. “Emerging women writers in the Reformasi period”, in: Y. Michalik and M. Budianta (eds), Indonesian women writers, pp. 143-166. Berlin: Regiospectra Verlag.

Cosslett, T., C. Lury, and P. Summerfield. 2000. Feminism and autobiography; Text, theories, methods. London/New York, NY: Routledge.

Creed, B. 1993. The monstrous feminine; Film, feminism, and psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Routledge.

Danerek, S. 2006. Tjerita and novel literary discourse in post New Order Indonesia. Lund: Centre for Languages and Literature, Lund University.

Dini, Nh. 1989. Namaku Hiroko. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Dini, Nh. 2000a. La Barka. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Dini, Nh. 2000b. Pada sebuah kapal. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Dini, Nh. 2000c. Sekayu. Jakarta: Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Dini, Nh. 2002. Pondok baca; Kembali ke Semarang. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Dini, Nh. 2003. Janda muda; Kumpulan cerpen. Jakarta: Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.

Dini, Nh. 2005. Dari Fontenay ke Magallianes. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Djojopoespito, S. 1941. Buiten het gareel. Utrecht /Amsterdam: W. de Haan.

Djojopuspito, S. 1954a. “Badju merah”, in: Empat serangkai, pp. 39-57. Jakarta: Pustaka Rakjat.

Djojopuspito, S. 1954b. Empat serangkai. Jakarta: Pustaka Rakjat.

Djojopuspito, S. 1973. “Sahabat yang tidak pernah mati”, in: Kian kemari: Indonesia dan Belanda dalam sastra, pp. 102-112. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan.

Djojopuspito, S. 1975. Manusia bebas. Jakarta: Penerbit Djambatan.

Eagleton, M. 1996. Feminist literary theory; A reader. Second edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Gilbert, S.M. and S. Gubar. 2007. The madwoman in the attic; The woman writer and the nineteenth-century literary imagination. New Have, CT: Yale University Press.

Goulimari, P. 2017. “Women writing across cultures”, Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities 22(1): 1-10.

Hanson, S. 2009. “Changing places through womens entrepreneurship”, Economic Geography 85(3): 245-267.

Hatley, B. 1999. “New directions in Indonesian women’s writing? The novel Saman”, Asian Studies Review 23: 449-460.

Heilburn, Carolyn G. 1997. Writing a woman’s life. Revised edition. London: The Women’s Press Limited.

Hellwig, T. 2007. “A dragon-shaped hummingbird; Nukila Amal’s writing from the nation’s margin”, Review of Indonesian and Malaysian affairs 41(2): 127-149.

Herfanda, A.Y., A. Sutarto Atisah, E.N. Mujiningsih, G. Harimansyah, K. Nurhan, and S. Wasono. [Sugiyono, ed.]. 2021. Ensiklopedia sastra Indonesia Vol. II. Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementrian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia.

Hooks, B. 1991. “Writing autobiograph”, in: Robyn R. Warhol and Diane P. Herndls (eds), Feminisms; An anthology of literary theory and criticism, pp. 1036-1039. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Jackson, R. 2001. Fantasy; The literature of subversion. London: Routledge.

Kingston, M. H. 1977. The woman warrior; Memoirs of a girlhood among ghosts. London: Allan Lane.

Kristeva, J. 1982. The Powers of horror; An essay on abjection. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Kumala, R. 2012. Gadis kretek; Sebuah novel. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Kumala, R. 2014. Tabula rasa. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Michalik, Y. and M. Budianta. 2015. Indonesian women writers. Berlin: Regiospectra Verlag.

Miller, N.K. 1991. Getting personal; Feminist occasions and other autobiographical acts. London / New York, NY: Routledge.

Moi, T. 2001. What is a woman? And other essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Moi, T. 2008. “’I am not a woman writer’; About women, literature, and feminist theory today”, Feminist Theory 9(3): 259-271.

Nichter, Mimi, S. Padmawati, M. Danardono, N. Ng, Y. Prabandari, and Mark Nichter. 2009. “Reading culture from tobacco advertisements in Indonesia”, Tobacco control 18(2): 98-107.

Paramaditha, I. 2016. “A feminist trajectory of literary influences“, Inside Indonesia, 24 April. [Retrieved from: https://www.insideindonesia.org/a-feminist-trajectory-of-literary-influences; accessed on 25-5-2021.]

Paramaditha, I. 2017a. Gentayangan; Pilih sendiri petualangan sepatu merahmu. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Paramaditha, I. 2017b. Sihir perempuan. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Paramaditha, I. 2021. “Toety Heraty untuk setiap perempuan”, Kompas 15 January.

Pasaribu, N.E. 2018. “A feminist reframing; An interview with Intan Paramaditha”, The Lifted Brow 45. [Retrieved from: https://www.theliftedbrow.com/liftedbrow/2018/4/18/a-feminist-reframing-an-interview-with-intan-paramaditha-by-norman-erikson-pasaribu; accessed on 18-6-2021.]

Perron, E. du. 1975. “Kata pengantar”, in: S. Djojopuspito (ed.), Manusia bebas. Jakarta: Djambatan.

Prihatmi, T. S. R. 1999. Nh. Dini; Karya dan dunianya. Jakarta: Grasindo.

Priyatna, A. 2013. Perempuan dalam tiga novel karya Nh. Dini. Bandung: Pustaka Matahari.

Priyatna, A. 2017. “Perempuan di luar jalur: seksualitas perempuan dalam dua cerpen karya Soewarsih Djojopuspito (Women out of the line: women’s sexuality in two short stories by Suwarsih Djojopuspito)”, METASASTRA: Jurnal Penelitian Sastra 9(2): 143-160.

Priyatna, A. 2018a. “Feminist voice in the works of Indonesian early woman writers; Reading novels and short stories by Suwarsih Djojopuspito”, Journal of International Women’s Studies 19(2): Art. 15.

Priyatna, A. 2018b. Kajian budaya feminis: tubuh, sastra, dan budaya pop. Yogyakarta: Arti Bumi Intaran.

Rusmini, O. 2017a. Sagra. Jakarta: Grasindo.

Rusmini, O. 2017b. Tarian Bumi; Sebuah novel. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Shackford-Bradley, J. 2000. Autobiographical fictions; Indonesian women’s writing from the nationalist period. Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley.

Shildrick, M. 1997. Leaky bodies and boundaries; Feminism, postmodernism, and (bio)ethics. London / New York, NY: Routledge.

Smith, S. 1998. “Performativity, autobiographical practice, resistance”, in: S. Smith and J. Watson (eds), Women, autobiography, theory; A reader, pp. 108-115. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Smith, S. and J. Watson (eds). 1992. De/Colonizing the subject; The politics of gender in women’s autobiography. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Smith, S. and J. Watson (eds). 1998. Women, autobiography, theory; A reader. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Stanley, L. 1992. The auto/biographical I; Theory and practice of feminist autobiography. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

Wajiran. 2012. “The characteristics of women writing in Indonesian literary work after Reformation era”. [Proceedings, ICOME (International Conference on Media and Communication), Penang, Malaysia, 1-3 November.]

Watson, C.W. 2009. “Feminism and the Indonesian nationalist movement; A reading of Soewarsih Djojopoespito’s novel Buiten het gareel”, Sari 27(1): 125-142.

Share

COinS