•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. (Phyllanthaceae) is a green vegetable. It is rich in natural antioxidant compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids. The pre-extraction preparation can affect the results of extracting compounds from natural materials. This study aims to determine the effect of pre-extraction procedures, including sample form (fresh/dried), drying process (oven-drying/indirect sunlight-drying/air-drying), and particle size (ground/powdered) on total phenolic and flavonoid levels of ethanolic extracts of S. androgynus leaves and their antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals. S. androgynus leaves were extracted using the cold maceration method. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract were determined by the colorimetric method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Antioxidant activity was measured based on the ability of the extracts to reduce DPPH free radicals. The results showed that the pre-extraction preparation influenced the antioxidant components obtained in S. androgynus leaves. According to sample form, fresh leaves contained a higher phenolics and flavonoids (33.66 mg GAE/g and 11.61 mg QE/g, respectively) than dried leaves. Whereas according to particle size, powdered dried leaves have higher phenolics and flavonoids content (45.12 mg GAE/g and 12.54 mg QE/g, respectively) than ground dried leaves. The leaves drying method that produced the highest phenolic content was oven-drying (47.08 mg GAE/g), while the one with the highest flavonoid content was air-drying (8.87 mg QE/g). All extracts had IC50 values against DPPH radicals around 85.71-93.91 ppm. Pre-extraction preparation in optimum condition makes the extraction process more efficient and effective in obtaining the target compounds with antioxidant activities.

References

Alam, M. N., Bristi, N. J., & Rafiquzzaman, M. (2013). Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 21(2), 143–152. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2012.05.002

Altemimi, A., Lakhssassi, N., Baharlouei, A., Watson, D. G., & Lightfoot, D. A. (2017). Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation, and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts. Plants, 6(42). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants6040042

Andarwulan, N., Batari, R., Sandrasari, D. A., Bolling, B., & Wijaya, H. (2010). Flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of vegetables from Indonesia. Food Chemistry, 121(4), 1231–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.033

Awaludin, Kartina, Maulianawati, D., Manalu, W., Andriyanto, Septiana, R., Arfandi, A., & Lalang, Y. (2020). Phytochemical screening and toxicity of ethanol extract of Sauropus androgynus. Biodiversitas, 21(7), 2966–2970. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210712

Azmir, J., Zaidul, I. S. M., Rahman, M. M., Sharif, K. M., Mohamed, A., Sahena, F., Jahurul, M. H. A., Ghafoor, K., Norulaini, N. A. N., & Omar, A. K. M. (2013). Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. Journal of Food Engineering, 117(4), 426–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014

Azwanida, N. N. (2015). Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle, Strength and Limitation. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 4(3), 196. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000196

Chang, C.-C., Yang, M.-H., Wen, H.-M., & Chern, J.-C. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3), 178–182. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.38212/2224-6614.2748

Dai, J., & Mumper, R. J. (2010). Plant phenolics: Extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules, 15, 7313–7352. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15107313

Departemen Kesehatan RI. (2000). Parameter Standar Umum Ekstrak Tumbuhan. Departemen Kesehatan RI.

Djamil, R., & Zaidan, S. (2017). Isolasi Senyawa Flavonoid dari Ekstrak Metanol Daun Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr), Euphorbiaceae. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 14(1), 57–61. http://jifi.farmasi.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jifi/article/view/50

Fikri, F., & Purnama, M. T. E. (2020). Pharmacology and phytochemistry overview on Sauropus androgynous. Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11(6), 124–128. https://doi.org/10.31838/srp.2020.6.20

Hanani, E. (2015). Analisis Fitokimia. Buku Kedokteran EGC.

Hikmawanti, N. P. E., Hanani, E., Sapitri, Y., & Ningrum, W. (2020). Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Cordia sebestena L. Leaves. Pharmacognosy Journal, 12(6), 1311–1316. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2020.12.180

Khoddami, A., Wilkes, M. A., & Roberts, T. H. (2013). Techniques for analysis of plant phenolic compounds. Molecules, 18(2), 2328–2375. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18022328

Khoo, H. E., Azlan, A., & Ismail, A. (2015). Sauropus androgynus Leaves for Health Benefits: Hype and the Science. The Natural Products Journal, 5, 115–123. https://doi.org/10.2174/221031550502150702142028

Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia. (2008). Farmakope Herbal Indonesia (Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia) (First Ed.). Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia.

Moharram, H. A. ., & Youssef, M. M. (2014). Methods for Determining the Antioxidant Activity : A Review. Alexandria Journal of Food Science and Technology, 11(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.12816/0025348

Nijveldt, R. J., van Nood, E., van Hoorn, D. E. C., Boelens, P. G., van Norren, K., & van Leeuwen, P. A. M. (2001). Flavonoids: A review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 74(4), 418–425. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/74.4.418

Pandey, A., & Tripathi, S. (2014). Concept of standardization, extraction and pre phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2(5), 115–119.

Petrus, A. J. A. (2013). Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merrill-a potentially nutritive functional leafy-vegetable. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 25(17), 9425–9433. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.15405

Pinela, J., Barros, L., Dueñas, M., Carvalho, A. M., Santos-Buelga, C., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2012). Antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and sugars of wild and commercial Tuberaria lignosa samples: Effects of drying and oral preparation methods. Food Chemistry, 135, 1028–1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.038

Prior, R. L., Wu, X., & Schaich, K. (2005). Standardized Methods for the Determination of Antioxidant Capacity and Phenolics in Foods and Dietary Supplements. Journal of Agricutural and Food Chemistry, 53, 4290–4302. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0502698

Quideau, S., Deffieux, D., Douat-Casassus, C., & Pouysøgu, L. (2011). Plant Polyphenols: Chemical properties, biological activities, and synthesis. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50(3), 586–621. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201000044

Rababah, T. M., Al-U’ Datt, M., Alhamad, M., Al-Mahasneh, M., Ereifej, K., Andrade, J., Altarifi, B., Almajwal, A., & Yang, W. (2015). Effects of drying process on total phenolics, antioxidant activity and flavonoid contents of common Mediterranean herbs. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 8(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.3965/j.ijabe.20150802.1496

Singh, S., & Singh, R. P. (2008). In vitro methods of assay of antioxidants: An overview. Food Reviews International, 24(4), 392–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559120802304269

Stalikas, C. D. (2007). Extraction, separation, and detection methods for phenolic acids and flavonoids. Journal of Separation Science, 30(18), 3268–3295. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200700261

Suvarnakuta, P., Chaweerungrat, C., & Devahastin, S. (2011). Effects of drying methods on assay and antioxidant activity of xanthones in mangosteen rind. Food Chemistry, 125, 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.015

Wan, C., Yu, Y., Zhou, S., Liu, W., Tian, S., & Cao, S. (2011). Antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging capacity of Gynura divaricata leaf extracts at different temperatures. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 7(25), 40–45. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.75900

Wijono, S. H. (2003). Isolasi dan Identifikasi Asam Fenolat pada Daun Katu (Sauropus androgynus ( L .) Merr). Makara, Sains, 7(2), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23471

World Health Organization. (1998). Quality control methods for medicinal plant materials World Health Organization Geneva. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41986

Yuan, J., Hao, L. J., Wu, G., Wang, S., Duan, J. ao, Xie, G. Y., & Qin, M. J. (2015). Effects of drying methods on the phytochemicals contents and antioxidant properties of chrysanthemum flower heads harvested at two developmental stages. Journal of Functional Foods, 19, 786–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.10.008

Download

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.