"The Impact of Elite Split on the 2022 Malaysian General Election" by Muhammad Ramadhan
  •  
  •  
 

Abstract

Malaysia's 2022 General Election resulted in a hung parliament, a new precedent in Malaysia's elections. The Hung parliament means no party or coalition can create a government. Pakatan Harapan and Barisan Nasional, which each got 82 and 30 seats, have to form a coalition to create a unity government. This research analysed how and why the 2022 General Election resulted in a hung parliament. This research uses a qualitative method, which includes the curation of parliamentary seats and election results. Using the Elite Split Theory, this research argues that the hung parliament result in Malaysia's 2022 General Election was caused by elite split that resulted in coalition and party fragmentation. This research found that the elite split in the Dewan Rakyat in 2020-2022 affected the split of the party coalition that controlled the majority of the parliament. This research also found that the effectiveness of the elite split done by the party and individual members of the Dewan Rakyat is different.

Bahasa Abstract

Untuk pertama kalinya, hasil Pemilu 2022 Malaysia menghasilkan preseden baru yakni hung parliament, yakni kondisi ketika tidak ada partai atau koalisi yang mendapat angka mayoritas di parlemen, sehingga tidak dapat membentuk pemerintahan sendiri. Akibatnya, koalisi Pakatan Harapan dan Barisan Nasional yang masing-masing mendapatkan 82 dan 30 kursi harus berkoalisi agar bisa membentuk pemerintahan pasca pemilu. Studi ini menganalisis tentang bagaimana dan mengapa terjadi kondisi hung parliament pasca Pemilu 2022 Malaysia. Studi ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan mengkurasi beberapa data parlemen dan hasil pemilu. Dengan menggunakan teori elite split, studi ini berargumen bahwa hasil hung parliament dalam Pemilu 2022 terjadi karena perpecahan elit yang menyebabkan fragmentasi koalisi dan partai politik. Temuan studi ini menunjukkan bahwa perpecahan elit dalam Dewan Rakyat Malaysia yang terjadi selama kurun waktu 2020-2022 telah berdampak pada pecahnya koalisi partai yang sebelumnya menguasai mayoritas kursi di parlemen. Selain itu, studi ini juga menemukan bahwa terdapat efektivitas elite split yang berbeda antara partai dan anggota Dewan Rakyat.

References

Anis, Mazwin N., Muguntan, Vanar, and Zakiah Koya. 2018. "Six more MPs leave Umno". The Star, December 15. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/15/six-more-mps-leave-umno-latest-exodus-leaves-party-with-only-37-lawmakers-in-dewan-rakyat/

Azman, Fareez. 2022a."Gerakan Tanah Air joins Malay political parties against UMNO in PRU15 - Tun Mahathir".Astro Awani, August 4. https://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/gerakan-tanah-air-gabungan-parti-politik-melayu-menentang-umno-dalam-pru15-tun-mahathir-374500.

Azman, Fareez. 2022b. "PRU15: PH Presidential Council approves jawatankuasa negotiation with MUDA, PSM". Astro Awani, September 21. https://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/pru15-majlis-presiden-ph-setuju-tubuh-jawatankuasa-rundingan-dengan-muda-psm-382114.

Bharian. 2022. "Sri Aman general parliamentarian quits PSB". Bharian, March 30. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/03/940230/ahli-parlimen-sri-amanumum-keluar-psb.

Borneo Post. 2022. "GE15: Ali Biju, Jugah Muyang to contest on PN ticket". The Borneo Post. https://www.theborneopost.com/2022/11/01/ge15-ali-biju-jugah-muyang-to-contest-on-pn-ticket//

Cheibub, Jose A. 2007. Presidentialism, parliamentarism and democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Chin, Datuk T. 2023. "Pairin started GBS that led to GRS". Daily Express, October 15. https://www.dailyexpress.com.my/read/5293/pairin-started-gbs-that-led-to-grs/.

Chin, James. 2023. "Anwar's long walk to power: the 2022 Malaysian general elections". The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 112 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2023.2165303.

Creswell, John W. 2014. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Eric, Joshua. 2022. "BERSATU Sarawak disappointed Willie Mongin joins UN". Bharian, August 7. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2022/08/985470/bersatu-sarawak-kecewawillie-mongin-sertai-pbb.

Free Malaysia Today. 2022a. "Zuraida quits Bersatu, to join PBM". Free Malaysia Today, May 26. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/05/26/zuraida-to-quit-bersatu-join-pbm/.

Free Malaysia Today. 2022b. "Ex-PAS man Khairuddin defending seat on BN ticket". Free Malaysia Today, November 3. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/11/03/ex-pas-man-khairuddin-defending-seat-on-bn-ticket/.

Ghaffa, Muhammad A. 2022. "PRU15: Che Abdullah represents BN in Tumpat parliamentary race". Kosmo, November 3.https://www.kosmo.com.my/2022/11/03/pru15-che-abdullah-wakil-bn-bertanding-di-parlimen-tumpat/.

Golosov, Grigorii V. 2015 “Factors of party system fragmentation: A cross-national study.” Australian Journal of Political Science 50 (1): 42–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2014.989811.

Hashim, Roslinda. 2022. "PRU15: Shahidan, Ismail, Zahidi, Azhar hailed along with Pas". Sinar Harian, November 9. https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/230310/berita/politik/pru15-shahidan-ismail-zahidi-azhar-dialu-alukan-sertai-pas.

Hasnan, Harits A. 2021, February. "PN on the right track, party exit decision for the people - Larry Sng, Steven Choong". AstroAwani, February 8. https://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/pn-di-landasan-tepat-keputusan-keluar-parti-for-the-people-larry-sng-steven-choong-285236.

Heller, Willian B., and Caroll Mershon. 2009. Political Parties and Legislative Party Switching. Palgrave Macmillan: New York.

Kasim, R. 2021. "Ahmad Jazlan appeals for support to PN government". Sinar Harian, January 9. https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/118335/BERITA/Politik/Ahmad-Jazlan-tarik-sokongan-kepongan-kerajaan-PN.

Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral systems and party systems: A study of twenty-seven democracies, 1945- 1990. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ling, Sharon, and Geryl Ogilvy. 2018. "Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact". The Star, June 12. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/12/sarawak-bn-parties-pull-out-of-coalition/.

Loheswar, R. 2021. "Sivarasa:PKR's Dr Xavier wouldn't have resigned if not for MACC probe targeted at him". Malay Mail, March 13. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/03/13/sivarasa-pkrs-dr-xavier-wouldnt-have-resigned-if-not-for-macc-probe-targete/1957582.

Malaysiakini. 2020. "Azmin quits PKR, takes 10 other MPs with him". Malaysiakini, February 24. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/512030.

Malaysiakini. 2021. "King consents to emergency declaration, to be in force until Aug 1". MalaysiaKini, January 12. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/558548.

Moh, Jane. 2022. "Larry Sng elected president of Parti Bangsa Malaysia". The Borneo Post, January 8. https://www.theborneopost.com/2022/01/08/larry-sng-elected-president-of-parti-bangsa-malaysia.

Moten, Abdul R. 2023. “Research Note: The 15th General Elections in Malaysia:Party Polarization, Shifting Coalitions and the Hung Parliament.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 45 (1): 111–27. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27211196.

Muzamir, Muhammad Y. 2022. "Khairuddin quits PAS immediately". Bharian, March 14. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/03/933989/khairuddin-umum-keluar-pas-immediately.

Nadzri, Muhammad M. N. 2018. “The 14th General Election, the Fall of Barisan Nasional, and Political Development in Malaysia, 1957-2018.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 37 (3): 139–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341803700307.

Ong, Justin. 2022. "Dropped in Bentong, Wong Tack goes solo to take on DAP's Rara". Malay Mail, October 26. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2022/10/26/dropped-in-bentong-wong-tack-goes-solo-to-take-on-daps-rara/35722.

Ostwald, Kai., Paul Schuler, and Jie M. Chong. 2018. “Triple Duel: The Impact of Coalition Fragmentation and Three-Corner Fights on the 2018 Malaysian Election.” Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 37 (3): 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/18681034180370030.

Parzi, Mohd N. 2021. "Agong zahir views Parlimen convene soon". Bharian, June 16. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2021/06/828623/agong-zahir-pandanganparlimen-bersidang-segera.

Rahim, Rahimy, and Zakiah Koya. 2021. "Muhyiddin says he will not resign, to table motion of confidence in September". The Star, August 4. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/08/04/muhyiddin-says-he-will-not-resign-to-table-motion-of-confidence-in-september.

Reuter, John, and Jennifer Gandhi. 2010. “Economic Performance and Elite Defection from Hegemonic Parties.” British Journal of Political Science 41 (1): 83–110. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123410000293.

Roslan, S. 2021."Mohammadin Ketapi umum keluar Warisan, jadi wakil rakyat Bebas mesra Kerajaan negeri dan Persekutuan." Utusan Malaysia. https://www.utusan.com.my/terkini/2021/10/mohammadin-ketapi-umum-keluar-warisan-jadi-wakil-rakyat-bebas-mesra-kerajaan-negeri-dan-persekutuan/.

Saravanamuttu, Johan. 2021. "Malaysia in 2020: Political Fragmentation, Power Plays and Shifting Coalitions." In Southeast Asian Affairs 2021, edited by Daljit Singh and Malcolm Cook, 169–84. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27075081.

Sejahan, Z. H. 2021. "Nazri Aziz withdraws support for PN". Utusan Malaysia. https://www.utusan.com.my/berita/2021/01/nazri-aziz-tarik-sokongan-terhadap-pn/.

Sukumaran, Tashny. 2019. "Sex scandal, fist fight set scene for Malaysia's ruling PKR party AGM." SCMP, December 6. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3041002/sex-scandal-fist-fight-set-scene-malaysias-ruling-pkr-party-agm.

Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Malaysia. 2022. "Infographic of 15th General Election Statistics (Parliament)". https://www.spr.gov.my/ms/infografik-pilihan-raya#tab-8

Tan, Vincent. 2021."Malaysian PM Muhyiddin seeks bipartisan support for upcoming confidence motion in parliament." Channel News Asia, August 13. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-muhyiddin-confidence-motion-bipartisan-general-election-2111121.

Teoh, Shannon. 2020. "Former Malaysian PM Mahathir and supporters removed from ruling Bersatu party". The Straits Times, May 28. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/former-malaysian-prime-minister-mahathir-and-supporters-sacked-from-ruling-bersatu.

Wong, Chin-Huat. 2023a. “Introduction:Hung parliament, coalition government and the rise of the Islamists - Malaysia after the 2022 election.” The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 112 (3): 207–12, https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2023.2219522.

Wong, Chin-Huat. 2023b. "Transitioning from aggregated bipartism: state elections in Malaysia, May 2018-March 2022." Regional & Federal Studies: 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2023.2271413.

Wong, Chin-Huat. 2023c. "One, two and now several: the evolution of coalition politics in Malaysia." The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 112 (3): 213–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2023.2219523.

Yusof, Siti. 2022. "Nurul Izzah killed in Permatang Pauh". Bharian. https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2022/11/1028563/nurul-izzah-tewas-di-permatang-pauh#google_vignette.

Download

Plum Print visual indicator of research metrics
PlumX Metrics
  • Usage
    • Downloads: 147
    • Abstract Views: 129
  • Mentions
    • News Mentions: 1
see details

Share

COinS