•  
  •  
 

Jurnal Ekonomi Kependudukan dan Keluarga

Abstract

This study examines the impact of unpaid parental caregiving on employment status and formal sector employment opportunities in Indonesia, using panel data from the 2007 and 2014 waves of the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was applied to mitigate selection bias and estimate the Average Treatment effect on the Treated (ATT) for three caregiver categories: temporary, recent, and continuous. Results indicate that, after controlling for baseline characteristics, none of the caregiver categories significantly affected the probability of being employed or employed in the formal sector in 2014. The findings suggest that caregiving practices in Indonesia generally do not lead to labor market withdrawal but instead prompt adjustments in working hours or shifts to informal employment. Policy implications include the need for affordable and flexible care support services and strengthened protection for informal workers.

References

Absor, M. U., McDonald, P., Utomo, A., & Houle, B. (2024). Care arrangements of older persons in rural Indonesia: a study of six villages. Asian Population Studies, 20(3), 245–267.

Alfindra Primaldhi, Bagus Takwin, & Atnike Sigiro. (2018). Care Economy and the Burden of Housewives’ Work in Indonesia. 23(4).

Austin, P. C. (2011). An introduction to propensity score methods for reducing the effects of confounding in observational studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(3), 399–424.

Bank, W. (2024). The Care Economy in Indonesia: A Pathway for Women’s Economic Participation and Social Well-being. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099080924014518193/pdf/P5004341d18f240de1bbd51bc3d3920e343.pdf

Brimblecombe, N., Knapp, M., King, D., Stevens, M., & Cartagena Farias, J. (2020). The high cost of unpaid care by young people:health and economic impacts of providing unpaid care. BMC Public Health, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09166-7

Caliendo, M., & Kopeinig, S. (2008). Some practical guidance for the implementation of propensity score matching. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(1), 31–72.

Cameron, L., & Cobb-Clark, D. A. (2001). Old-age support in developing countries: Labor supply, intergenerational transfers and living arrangements.

ILO. (2024). The impact of care responsibilities on women’s labour force participation.

Kaufman, B. G., Zhang, W., Shibeika, S., Huang, R., Xu, T., Ingram, C., Gustavson, A. M., Holland, D. E., Vanderboom, C., Houtven, C. H. Van, & Griffin, J. M. (2024). Economic Value of Unpaid Family Caregiver Time Following Hospital Discharge and at End of Life. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:272220074

Keasberry, I. N. (2001). Elder care and intergenerational relationships in rural Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Ageing and Society, 21, 641–665. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:74563809

Lilly, M. B., Laporte, A., & Coyte, P. C. (2007). Labor market work and home care’s unpaid caregivers: a systematic review of labor force participation rates, predictors of labor market withdrawal, and hours of work. The Milbank Quarterly, 85(4), 641–690.

Milawati, R. S., Setyonaluri, D., Samudra, R. R., & Fadilla, R. R. (2023). Gender Analysis in Labour Market Participation and Social Insurance for Employment in Indonesia: Recognising Care Work (Issue No. 62-2023). https://kms.kemenkopm.go.id/index.php?bid=75&fid=536&p=fstream-pdf

Primaldhi,A., Takwin, B., & Sigiro, A. (2018). Care Economy and the Burden of Housewives’ Work in Indonesia. Jurnal Perempuan, 23, 249. https://doi.org/10.34309/jp.v23i4.278

Schröder-Butterfill, E. (2004). Inter-generational family support provided by older people in Indonesia. Ageing & Society, 24(4), 497–530.

Strauss, J., Witoelar, F., & Sikoki, B. (2016). The Fifth Wave of the Indonesia Family Life Survey: Overview and Field Report: Volume 1. www.rand.org/giving/contribute

Bahasa Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji pengaruh unpaid parental caregiving terhadap status bekerja dan peluang bekerja di sektor formal di Indonesia menggunakan data panel Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) tahun 2007 dan 2014. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) digunakan untuk mengurangi bias seleksi dan mengestimasi Average Treatment effect on the Treated (ATT) bagi tiga kategori caregiver: temporer, recent, dan berkelanjutan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa setelah mengontrol karakteristik awal, tidak ada kategori caregiver yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap probabilitas bekerja maupun bekerja formal pada 2014. Temuan ini mengindikasikan bahwa praktik caregiving di Indonesia umumnya tidak menyebabkan keluarnya individu dari pasar kerja, melainkan mendorong penyesuaian pada jam kerja atau peralihan ke sektor informal. Implikasi kebijakan meliputi perlunya penyediaan dukungan perawatan yang terjangkau dan fleksibel serta penguatan perlindungan pekerja informal.

Download

Share

COinS