•  
  •  
 

Jurnal Ekonomi Kependudukan dan Keluarga

Abstract

Working poverty remains a persistent issue in Indonesia. The high prevalence of working poor underscores the urgent need for effective poverty alleviation efforts. This study analyzes the relationship between side hustles, excessive working hours, and working poverty in Indonesia. Utilizing microdata from the March 2023 Susenas and applying binary logistic regression, the study assesses the effect of side hustle status and excessive working hours on the likelihood of being categorized as working poor, based on the international working poverty line. The results indicate that engaging in a side hustle without excessive hours actually increases the risk of working poverty, while side hustles with excessive working hours reduce that risk. These findings suggest that side hustles are only effective in alleviating poverty when performed with excessive hours, a condition that may further exacerbate worker vulnerability. This study implies the need for policies focused on improving job quality, regulating working hours, and providing social protection for individuals engaged in side hustles.

References

Achidsti, A., & Fathin, C. A. (2022). Home-Based Women Workers Vulnerability during the COVID-19: A Gendered Perspective of Political Economy. JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan Dan Administrasi Publik), 26(1), 59. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkap.67984

Agresti, A. (2012). Categorical Data Analysis (3rd ed.). Willey.

Artazcoz, L., Cortès-Franch, I., Escribà-Agüir, V., López, M., & Benavides, F. G. (2018). Long Working Hours and Job Quality in Europe: Gender and Welfare State Differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(11), 2592. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112592

Baek, S.-U., Lee, Y.-M., Yoon, J.-H., & Won, J.-U. (2024). Long Working Hours, Work-life Imbalance, and Poor Mental Health: A Cross-sectional Mediation Analysis Based on the Sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey, 2020–2021. Journal of Epidemiology, 34(11), JE20230302. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20230302

Bappenas. (2018). MENUJU 2030 PETA JALAN SDGs INDONESIA.

Bavaro, M., & Raitano, M. (2024). Is working enough to escape poverty? Evidence on low-paid workers in Italy. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 69, 495–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2024.03.008

Borjas, G. J. (2013). Labor Economics (9th ed.). Mc Graw Hill.

BPS. (2023). KEADAAN ANGKATAN KERJA DI INDONESIA Labor Force Situation in Indonesia.

Carranza, E., Morgandi, M., & Sverdlin, D. (2025). State of Social Protection Report 2025 Optimizing Labor Market Programs and Strengthening Delivery Systems for Impact and Scale. www.worldbank.org.

Faharuddin, F., & Endrawati, D. (2022). Determinants of working poverty in Indonesia. Journal of Economics and Development, 24(3), 230–246. https://doi.org/10.1108/JED-09-2021-0151

Ferrant, G., Pesando, M., & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The missing link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes.

Fusco, A., & Islam, N. (2020). Household Size and Poverty (pp. 151–177). https://doi.org/10.1108/S1049-258520200000028006

Gassmann, F., & François, D. (2015). 02320-MN IMPROVING LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES FOR POOR AND VULNERABLE GROUPS IN MONGOLIA.

Ghorpade, Y., Restrepo, C. F., & Castellanos, L. E. (2024). Social Protection and Labor Market Policies for the Informally Employed: A Review of Evidence from Low-and Middle-Income Countries. www.worldbank.org

Gultom, Y. M. L. (2014). Explaining the Informal Sector in Indonesia from the Transaction Costs Perspective. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 16(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5465

HAFEEZ, S., GUPTA, C., & SPRAJCER, M. (2022). Stress and the gig economy: it’s not all shifts and giggles. Industrial Health, 61(2), 2021–0217. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.2021-0217

Halleröd, B., Ekbrand, H., & Bengtsson, M. (2015). In-work poverty and labour market trajectories: Poverty risks among the working population in 22 European countries. Journal of European Social Policy, 25(5), 473–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928715608794

Hosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., Sturdivant, R. X., & Army Academy, U. S. (2013). Applied Logistic Regression Third Edition. www.wiley.com.

ILO. (2014). Key Indicators of the labour market. 8.

ILOStat. (2024). Statistics on working poverty.

Indra Vitaharsa, L., & Wasino, H. (2025). The Influence of Work-Life Balance on Employee Productivity: A Literature Review in the Context of Modern Companies. In IJHABS | International Journal of Humanity Advance (Vol. 2, Issue 4).

Jose, A., Philip, M., Prasanna, L. T., & Manjula, M. (2020). Comparison of Probit and Logistic Regression Models in the Analysis of Dichotomous Outcomes. Current Research in Biostatistics, 10(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3844/amjbsp.2020.1.19

Korošec, D., Vrbnjak, D., & Štiglic, G. (2022). Health Conditions and Long Working Hours in Europe: A Retrospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12325. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912325

Lee, D.-W., Lee, J., Kim, H.-R., & Kang, M.-Y. (2020). Association of long working hours and health-related productivity loss, and its differential impact by income level: A cross-sectional study of the Korean workers. Journal of Occupational Health, 62(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12190

Leu, J., Rebello, S. A., Sargent, G. M., Kelly, M., & Banwell, C. (2023). Hard work, long hours, and Singaporean young adults’ health—A qualitative study. Frontiers in Public Health, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1082581

Lin, X., Lei, M., & Wang, X. (2023a). How Platform Economic Dependence Leads to Long Working Time: The Role of Work Pressure and Platform HRM Practices. Sustainability, 15(16), 12634. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612634

Lin, X., Lei, M., & Wang, X. (2023b). How Platform Economic Dependence Leads to Long Working Time: The Role of Work Pressure and Platform HRM Practices. Sustainability, 15(16), 12634. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612634

Ma, X., Kawakami, A., & Inui, T. (2024). Impact of Long Working Hours on Mental Health Status in Japan: Evidence from a National Representative Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(7), 842. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070842

Mora-Rivera, J., & García-Mora, F. (2021). Internet access and poverty reduction: Evidence from rural and urban Mexico. Telecommunications Policy, 45(2), 102076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2020.102076

Scott, J., Edwards, K., & Stanczyk, A. (2020). Moonlighting to the Side Hustle: The Effect of Working an Extra Job on Household Poverty for Households With Less Formal Education. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 101(3), 324–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044389420910664

Straulino, D., Diodato, D., & O’Clery, N. (2024). Economic crisis, urban structural change and inter-sectoral labour mobility. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 71, 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2024.06.009

Tasmilah, T., Pratomo, D. S., & Syafitri, W. (2023). Pengaruh Modal Manusia terhadap Transisi Tenaga Kerja Formal Menjadi Informal pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia, 23(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2023.05

UN Women. (2024). Women’s Economic Empowerment and the Care Economy in ASEAN.

Wang, J., & Cai, Z. (2022). The Effect of Dependency Burden on Household Entrepreneurial Exit Behavior: Empirical Evidence from Chinese Households. Sustainability, 14(14), 8933. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148933

Wang, K., Wong, E. L. Y., Ho, K. F., Cheung, A. W. L., Chan, E. Y. Y., Wong, S. Y. S., & Yeoh, E. K. (2021). Unequal availability of workplace policy for prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 across occupations and its relationship with personal protection behaviours: a cross-sectional survey. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20(1), 200. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-021-01527-x

Wicaksono, P., Sari, D. K., & Sutanto, R. (2024). What made you do moonlighting? A tale from the Indonesian labor force survey. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2024.2417194

Yassine, A., & Bakass, F. (2022). Do Education and Employment Play a Role in Youth’s Poverty Alleviation? Evidence from Morocco. Sustainability, 14(18), 11750. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811750

Yubilianto. (2020). Return to education and financial value of investment in higher education in Indonesia. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00193-6

Bahasa Abstract

Kemiskinan pekerja masih menjadi permasalahan di Indonesia. Tingginya angka kemiskinan pekerja di Indonesia, menegaskan perlunya upaya dalam pengentasannya. Penelitian ini menganalisis hubungan antara pekerjaan tambahan (side-hustle), jam kerja berlebih, dan kemiskinan pekerja di Indonesia. Menggunakan data mikro Susenas Maret 2023 yang dianalisis menggunakan metode regresi logistik biner, studi ini mengukur pengaruh status side hustle dan jam kerja berlebih terhadap peluang menjadi pekerja miskin berdasarkan standar internasional kemiskinan pekerja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa side-hustle tanpa jam kerja berlebih akan meningkatkan risiko menjadi pekerja miskin, sementara side-hustle dengan jam kerja berlebih menurunkan risiko tersebut. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaan tambahan hanya efektif untuk menghindarkan pekerja dari kemiskinan jika dilakukan dengan jam kerja yang berlebih. Kondisi ini tentunya akan berisiko memperburuk kerentanan pekerja. Penelitian ini berimplikasi pada pentingnya kebijakan yang berfokus pada kualitas kerja, batas jam kerja, dan perlindungan sosial bagi pekerja dengan side-hustle.

Download

Share

COinS