•  
  •  
 

Antropologi Indonesia

Abstract

Artikel ini merupakan upaya untuk memahami konteks-konteks berbagai dilema metodologis yang dihadapi etnografer Indonesia di lapangan penelitian, sekaligus juga siasat/strategi metodologis yang ditawarkan untuk mengatasinya. Tinjauan literatur atas tulisan-tulisan refleksi metodologis yang ditulis oleh para etnografer Indonesia dan terbit antara tahun 2001-2020 menjadi basis utama materi dalam artikel ini. Materi diseleksi dengan pencarian daring lewat Google Scholar dan situs jurnal-jurnal antropologi Indonesia. Pencarian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kata-kata kunci “Indonesia”, “antropologi”, “insider/outsider”, “posisionalitas”, “catatan”, “lapangan”, “fieldwork”, "peneliti”, “researcher”, “subjektivitas”, “subjectivity”, “refleksi”, “refleksivitas”, dan “reflexivity”. Hasil dari penelusuran ini menunjukkan tiga konteks refleksi: (1) respons masyarakat tineliti terhadap identitas biografis peneliti, (2) dampak identifikasi diri dan keberpihakan peneliti di lapangan maupun dalam proses analisis, dan (3) persoalan praktis dari beberapa aspek metodologi akademis. Selanjutnya, siasat dan strategi metodologis yang ditawarkan oleh para etnografer dapat dikelompokkan ke dalam empat gelagat: refleksivitas, adaptasi, partisipasi aktif, dan kolaborasi.

References

Abaza, Mona, dan Georg Stauth 1990 ‘Occidental Reason, Orientalism, Islamic Fundamentalism: A Critique’, dalam Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King (peny.) Globalization, Knowledge and Society: Readings from International Sociology. London: Sage. Hlm. 209–30. Abu-Lughod, Lila. 1991 ‘Writing Against Culture’, dalam Richard Gabriel Fox (peny.) Recapturing Anthropology: Working in the Present. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press. Hlm. 137–62. 2000 ‘Locating Ethnography’, Anthropological Quarterly 1(2):261–67. Alatas, Syed Farid 2005 ‘Indigenization: Features and Problems’, dalam Jan van Bremen, Eyal Ben-Ari dan Syed Farid Alatas (peny.) Asian Anthropology. London: Routledge. Hlm. 239–56. Alimi, Moh Yasir 2012 ‘Video Etnografi: Pengalaman Penelitian Sosial dengan Video Kamera di Sulawesi Selatan’, KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 4(1). Allen, Jafari Sinclaire, dan Ryan Cecil Jobson 2016 ‘The Decolonizing Generation: (Race and) Theory in Anthropology since the Eighties’, Current Anthropology 57(2):129–48. Ariefiansyah, Rhino dan Hestu Prahara 2012 ‘Kolaborasi dan Refleksifitas dalam Penciptaan Representasi Etnografi Visual dalam Bentuk Film Dokumenter: Sebuah Pengalaman’, Antropologi Indonesia 33(1):17-23 Cerroni-Long, E. L. 1995 ‘Introduction: Insider or Native Anthropology?’, dalam E.L. Cerroni-Long (peny.) Insider Anthropology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Hlm. 1–16. Cho, Sumi, Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, dan Leslie McCall 2013 ‘Toward a Field of Intersectionality Studies: Theory, Applications, and Praxis’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 38(4):785–810. Clifford, James dan George E. Marcus 1986 Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography. California: University of California Press. Cooper, Brittney 2016 ‘Intersectionality’, dalam Lisa Disch dan Mary Hawkesworth (peny.) The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cunliffe, Ann L. dan Geetha Karunanayake 2013 ‘Working within Hyphen-Spaces in Ethnographic Research: Implications for Research Identities and Practice’, Organizational Research Methods 16(3):364–92. Danusiri, Aryo 2018 ‘Intersubjektivitas dan Gaya Kamera dalam Film Etnografi’, Antropologi Indonesia, 39(1):59–74. Douglas, Mary 1986 How Institutions Think. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. El-Kholy, Heba dan Nadje Al-Ali 1999 ‘Inside/Out: The ‘Native’ and the ‘Halfie’ Unsettled’, dalam Shami Shami dan Linda Herrera (peny.) Between Field and Text: Emerging Voices in Egyptian Social Science. Cairo Papers in Social Science. Cairo: Oxford University Press USA. Hlm. 14–40. Escobar, Arturo 1993 ‘The Limits of Reflexivity: Politics in Anthropology’s Post-Writing Culture Era’, Journal of Anthropological Research 49(4):377-391. Fine, Michelle 1994 ‘Working the Hyphens’, Handbook of Qualitative Research 2. California: Sage. Hlm. 70-82. Frankenberg, Ruth 1993 White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. London: Routledge. Hadiz, Vedi R. dan Daniel Dhakidae (peny.) 2005 Social Sciences and Power in Indonesia. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. Haraway, Donna 1988 ‘Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective’, Feminist Studies 14(3):575–99. Himpunan Peneliti Indonesia (Himpenindo) 2018 ‘Kode Etik dan Kode Perilaku Peneliti’, Dokumen. Diakses dari: http://www.opi.lipi.go.id/data/1381625854/data/1544658534.pdf. Holland, Ray 1999 ‘Reflexivity’, Human Relations 52(4):463–84. Indah, Rosaria 2019 ‘Insider Dilemmas: An Ethnographic Study on Community-Based Medical Education in Aceh, Indonesia’, Explorations: A Graduate Student Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 15:86-92. Ismah, Nor 2019 ‘Ketika Perempuan Meneliti Perempuan’, dalam Widjayanto, Sudarmoko, Ade Jaya Suryani, Nor Ismah, dan Nurenzia Yannuar (peny.) Catatan dari Lapangan: Esai-esai Refleksi Etnografis Bidang Sosial Budaya Mahasiswa Indonesia di Leiden. Tangerang Selatan: Marjin Kiri. Hlm. 55–64. Jacobs-Huey, Lanita 2006 From the Kitchen to the Parlor: Language and Becoming in African American Women’s Hair Care. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jones, Delmos 1970 ‘Towards a Native Anthropology’, Human Organization 29(4):251–59. Jones, Delmos J. 1995 ‘Anthropology and the Oppressed: A Reflection on ‘Native’ Anthropology’, dalam Insider Anthropology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Hlm. 58–70. Kubica, Grażyna 2016 ‘How ‘Native’ is My “Native Anthropology”? Positionality and the Reception of the Anthropologist’s Work in Her Own Community–A Reflexive Account’, Cargo Journal 14(1–2):81–99. Kuwayama, Takami 2003 ‘”Natives” as Dialogic Partners: Some Thoughts on Native Anthropology’, Anthropology Today 19(1):8–13. Lazuardi, Elan. A. dan Des Christy (Akan terbit) ‘Dongeng dari Lapangan: Refleksivitas atas Interseksi Multi-identitas Peneliti dalam Kerja Lapangan Etnografi’, Dalam Khidir M. Prawirosusanto dan Realisa D. Masardi (peny.) Merengkuh Sauh, Berlayar Jauh: Diskursus Kebaruan Antropologi di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: UGM Press. Lewis, Diane 1973 ‘Anthropology and Colonialism’, Current Anthropology 14(5):581–602. Li, Tania Murray dan Pujo Semedi 2021 Plantation Life: Corporate Occupation in Indonesia’s Oil Palm Zone. Durnham: Duke University Press. Lumenta, Dave, Rhino Ariefiansyah dan Betharia Nurhadist 2017 ‘Performing out of Limbo: Reflections on Doing Anthropology through Music with Oromo Refugees in Indonesia’, Antropologi Indonesia, 38(1):51–63. Marcus, George E. 2008 ‘The End(s) of Ethnography: Social/Cultural Anthropology’s Signature Form of Producing Knowledge in Transition’, Cultural Anthropology 23(1):1–14. Millora, Chris, Siti Maimunah dan Enid Still 2020 ‘Reflecting on the Ethics of PhD Research in the Global South: Reciprocity, Reflexivity and Situatedness’, Acta Academica 52(1):10–30. Narayan, Kirin 1993 ‘How Native Is a “Native” Anthropologist?’, American Anthropologist 95(3):671–86. Nugroho, Hari 2019 ‘Melangkah di antara Dua Jalur: Penelitian dan Aktivisme’ dalam Widjayanto, Sudarmoko, Ade Jaya Suryani, Nor Ismah, dan Nurenzia Yannuar (peny.) Catatan dari Lapangan: Esai-esai Refleksi Etnografis Bidang Sosial Budaya Mahasiswa Indonesia di Leiden. Tangerang Selatan: Marjin Kiri. Hlm. 244–57. Prahara, Hestu 2019 ‘Pembangunan yang Terbayang: Imajinasi Sosio-Teknikal dalam Implementasi Pembangunan Berbasis Komunitas di Indonesia’, Antropologi Indonesia 39(2):115–35. Restrepo, Eduardo dan Arturo Escobar 2005 ‘”Other Anthropologies and Anthropology Otherwise”: Steps to a World Anthropologies Framework’, Critique of Anthropology 25(2):99–129. Ryang, Sonia 2005 ‘Dilemma of a Native: On Location, Authenticity, and Reflexivity’, The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology 6(2):143–57. Sakti, Victoria K dan Anne-Marie Reynaud 2018 ‘Understanding Reconciliation through Reflexive Practice: Ethnographic Examples from Canada and Timor-Leste’, dalam Ethnographic Peace Research. Springer. Hlm. 159–80. Salzman, Philip Carl. 2002. ‘On Reflexivity’, American Anthropologist 104(3):805–11. Schlehe, Judith dan Sita Hidayah 2014 ‘Transcultural Ethnography: Reciprocity in Indonesian-German Tandem Research’, dalam Mikko Huotari, Jürgen Rüland, dan Judith Schlehe (peny.) Methodology and Research Practice in Southeast Asian Studies. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Hlm. 253–72. Siddik, Syahril 2019 ‘Dari Kenangan Bersama Sahabat hingga Penelitian Etnografis: Studi Acara Dakwah di Televisi Indonesia Pasca-Reformasi’, dalam Widjayanto, Sudarmoko, Ade Jaya Suryani, Nor Ismah, dan Nurenzia Yannuar (peny.) Catatan dari Lapangan: Esai-esai Refleksi Etnografis Bidang Sosial Budaya Mahasiswa Indonesia di Leiden. Tangerang Selatan: Marjin Kiri. Hlm. 32–44. Simandjuntak, Deasy dan Michaela Haug 2014 ‘Doing Anthropological Fieldwork with Southeast Asian Characteristics? Identity and Adaptation in the Field’ dalam Mikko Huotari, Jürgen Rüland, dan Judith Schlehe (peny.) Methodology and Research Practice in Southeast Asian Studies. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Hlm. 67–90. Soedirgo, Jessica dan Aarie Glas 2020 ‘Toward Active Reflexivity: Positionality and Practice in the Production of Knowledge’, PS: Political Science and Politics 53(3):527–31. Stodulka, Thomas, Samia Dinkelaker dan Ferdiansyah Thajib 2019 Affective Dimensions of Fieldwork and Ethnography. New York: Springer. Stodulka, Thomas, Nasima Selim dan Dominik Mattes 2018 ‘Affective Scholarship: Doing Anthropology with Epistemic Affects’, Ethos 46(4):519–36. Suryawan, I Ngurah 2015 ‘Menafsirkan Papua (Lebih) Emansipatif dan Reflektif: Perspektif Antropologi’, ETNOHISTORI: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebudayaan dan Kesejarahan 2(2):98–115. Visweswaran, Kamala 1994 Fictions of Feminist Ethnography. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. 1997 ‘Histories of Feminist Ethnography’, Annual Review of Anthropology 26(1):591–621. Watson, Graham 1987 “Make Me Reflexive, but Not yet: Strategies for Managing Essential Reflexivity in Ethnographic Discourse’, Journal of Anthropological Research 43(1):29–41. Wattie, Anna Marie 2007 ‘Fieldwork Experience in Unraveling Day-to-Day Experiences of Gender Violence’, Humaniora 19(1):23–32. Winarto, Yunita T. dan Iwan M. Pirous 2019 ‘Boundaries and Ambitions of Indonesian Anthropology’, dalam Eric C. Thompson dan Vineeta Sinha (peny.) Southeast Asian Anthropologies: National Traditions and Transnational Practices. Singapura: NUS Press. Hlm. 243–75. Yannuar, Nurenzia 2019 ‘Fieldwork di Rumah Sendiri’ dalam Widjayanto, Sudarmoko, Ade Jaya Suryani, Nor Ismah, dan Nurenzia Yannuar (peny.) Catatan Dari Lapangan: Esai-esai Refleksi Etnografis Bidang Sosial Budaya Mahasiswa Indonesia di Leiden. Tangerang Selatan: Marjin Kiri. Hlm. 129–37. Zulfikar, Teuku 2014 ‘Researching My Own Backyard: Inquiries into an Ethnographic Study’, Ethnography and Education 9(3):373–86.

Download

Included in

Anthropology Commons

Share

COinS