"Productivity Promises, Precarious Realities: Ethnographic Study of Har" by Sari Damar Ratri
  •  
  •  
 

Antropologi Indonesia

Abstract

This monograph examines the implementation of harm reduction programs in Indonesia that failed to improve the quality of drug users’ lives. The failure is the result of programs that merely provide drug users with instrumental strategy to deal with addiction through substitution therapy. The designation of legal substances such as methadone and subuxone is only to replace illegal drug addiction. In the end, the program fails to provide drug users with sufficient information to manage their dependence and even leads them to uncontrolled poly-substance use. This three months of ethnographic fieldwork focuses on examining Harm Reduction (HR) experiences in both methadone and subuxone users. The users are still stigmatized, although they are no longer illegal drug users. It is caused by the fact that HR only promotes rationalism and pragmatism in the contemporary drug treatment. This stigma results in socioeconomic exclusion which limits the access to lead livable lives for users. It became apparent that instead of improving users’ life quality, HR programs continuously reproduce the precariousness of drug users’ lives.

References

American Anthropological Association. 2012 Statement on Ethics: Principles of Professional Responsibilities. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association. http://www.aaanet.org/profdev/ethics/upload/Statement-on-Ethics-Principles-of- Professional- Responsibility.pdf Andriansyah, R. 2010 “Money Talks” A study on the Interaction between Drug Actors and Non-drug Actors within the Community in Bures, Jakarta, Indonesia. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Master’s in Medical Anthropology. Asad, T. 2000 “Agency and Pain: an Exploration.” Culture and Religion. 1, 29—60. 2012 “Fear and the Ruptured State: Reflections on Egypt after Mubarak.” Social Research. 79:2, 271—298. Berardi, B. F. 2009 Precarious Rhapsody: Semiocapitalism and the Pathologies of the Post-alpha Generation. London: Minor Composition. BNN and PPK-UI 2011 Laporan Akhir Survei Nasional Perkembangan Penyalahgunaan Narkoba di Indonesia tahun 2011:Kerugian Sosial dan Ekonomi. (Final Report National Survey on Drug Abuse and Illicit Drug Use in 2011: Social and Economic Cost). Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Kesehatan Universitas Indonesia. Butler, J. 2004 Precarious Life: the Powers of Mourning and Violence. London: Verso. Chhabra, S. and J. Bull. 2008 “Methadone” American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine. 25:2, 146— 150. Cohen, A. P. 1985 The Symbolic Construction of Community. New York: Tavistock Publications. Davis, S.LM., A. Triwahyuono, and R. Alexander. 2009 “Survey of Abuses Against Injecting Drug Users in Indonesia.” Harm Reduction Journal. 6:28, 1—6. Directorate General of Communicable Disease and Environmental Health, Ministry of Health 2013 Estimasi dan Proyeksi HIV/AIDS di Indonesia tahun 2011-2016. (HIV/AIDS Estimation and Projection in Indonesia year 2011-2016). Jakarta. Foster, G. M. 2010 “Medical anthropology and international health planning.” in Good, Byron J. (ed) Reader in Medical Anthropology: Theoritical trajectory, emergent realities.” London: Blackwell. Gowan, Teresa, Sarah Whetstone, and Tanja Andic. 2012 “Addiction, Agency, and The Politics of Self-control: Doing Harm Reduction in a Heroin Users’ Group.” Social Science and Medicine. 74: 1251—1260. Green, C.W., and K. Nagar. 2013 “Care, Support & Treatment for PLHIV in Indonesia.” Available at http://spiritia.or.id/art/bacaart.php?artno=2018. Accessed July 15th 2014 Haliman, A., and G. Williams. 1983 “Can People Move Beureaucratic Mountains? Developing Primary Health Care in Rural Indonesia.” Social Science Medicines. 17:19, 1449—1455. Handal, K.A., Schauban J.L., and Salamone, F.R. 1983 “Naloxone.” Annals of Emergency Medicine. 12, 438—445. Hathaway, A.D. 2001 “Shortcomings of harm reduction: toward a morally invested drug reform strategy.” International Journal of Drug Policy. 12, 125—137. Hawks, D. 1993 “Impediments to the Global Adoption of Harm-reduction Policies”. In: Heather N, Wodak A, Nadelmann E, editors. Psychoactive Drugs and Harm Reduction: From Faith to Science. London: Whurr Publishers, 1993:93–102. IHRA 2010 “What is Harm Reduction” A Position Statement from the International Harm Reduction Association. London. Keane, H. 2003 “Critiques of Harm Reduction, Morality, and the Promise of Human Rights.” International Journal of Drug Policy. 14, 227—232. Komisi Penanggulangan AIDS Nasional (National AIDS Commission Republic of Indonesia) 2009 “National Strategy and Action Plan 2010-2014” Jakarta. Li, T.M. 2007 The Will to Improve: Governmentality, Development, and the Practice of Politics. Durham: Duke University Press. Marlatt, G. A. 1996 “Harm Reduction: Come as You Are.” Addictive Behavior. 21:6, 779—788. McNeil,R., M. Guirguis-Younger, L. B. Dilley, T. D. Aubry, J. Turnbull, and S. W. Hwang. 2012 “Harm Reduction Services as a point-of-entry to and Source of end-of life Care and Support for Homeless and Marginally Housed Persons Who Use Alcohol and/or Illicit Drugs: A Qualitative Analysis.” BioMed Central. 12:312, 1—9. Miller, P.G. 2005 “Scapegoating, Self-confidence, and Risk-comparison: the Functionality of Risk Neutralization and Lay Epidemiology by Injecting Drug Users.” International Journal of Drug Policy. 16, 246—253. Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia. Decree number 567/Menkes/SK/VIII/2006. Guideline for Harm Reduction Implementation on Narcotics, Psychotropic, and Other Addictive Substances. Morrison, C., Y. Kurniasih, and G. Barton. 2012 “The Landscape of Services for Drug Users in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.” Drug and Alcohol Review. 31, 95—100. Neale, J., S. Nettleton, L. Pickering. 2011 “What is the role of harm reduction when drug users say they want abstinence?”, International Journal of Drug Policy. 22, 189—193. O’Hare, P. A., Newcombe, R., Matthews, A.. Buning, E. C., & Drucker, E. (Eds.). 1992 “The Reduction of Drug-relared Harm”. London: Routledge. Pauly, B. 2008 “Harm reduction through a social justice lens.” International Journal of Drug Policy. 19, 4—10. Pikiran Rakyat 2010 “Impor Subutex dan Subuxone Dihentikan (Import Subutex and Subuxone has Stopped” http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/node/118154 Accesed July 14th 2014. Sarasvita, R. 2009 “Treatment Retention in Methadone Maintenance Program in Indonesia: towards Evidence-informed Drug Policy.” Doctorate Thesis in Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide. Sarasvita, R., A. Tonkin, B. Utomo, and R. Ali. 2012 “Predictive Factor for Treatment Retention in Methadone Programs in Indonesia.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 42, 239—246. Tempo 2013 Ini Pertumbuhan Kasus HIV/AIDS di Jakarta. (Here The Growth of HIV/AIDS Cases in Jakarta.) http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2013/10/23/083523838/Ini-Pertumbuhan-Kasus-HIVAIDS-di-Jakarta accesed on Wednesday, May 14 2014. Undang-undang Republik Indonesia 2009 No. 35/2009 tentang Narkotika. (Indonesian Law on Narcotics Number 35 year 2009). 1997 No. 22/1997 tentang Narkotika. (Indonesian Law on Narcotics Number 22 year 1997). Whyte, S. R., S. V. Geest, and A. P. Hardon. 2002 Social Lives of Medicines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Yayasan Spiritia (Spiritia Foundation) n.d. Sejarah HIV Hingga 1986. (HIV History up to 1986). Accessed from: http://www.spiritia.or.id/art/bacaart.php?artno=1030 May 20, 2014. Zigon, Jarret. 2011 HIV is God’s Blessing: Rehabilitating Morality in Neoliberal Russia. California: University of California Press. 2013 “Human Right as Moral Progress? A Critique.” Cultural Anthropology. 28:4, 716—736. HIV Cooperation Program for Indonesia (HCPI) https://www.burnet.edu.au/projects/101_hiv_cooperation_program_indonesia_hcpi Accessed July 15th 2014

Download

Plum Print visual indicator of research metrics
PlumX Metrics
  • Usage
    • Downloads: 17
    • Abstract Views: 5
  • Captures
    • Readers: 13
see details

Included in

Anthropology Commons

Share

COinS