"Phytochemistry, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Hibiscus (Hibi" by Ade Arsianti, Isma Zahira Suhaima et al.
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Indonesian Journal of Medical Chemistry and Bioinformatics

Abstract

Background: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women with a very high mortality rate. This cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth of breast cells. Treatments for this malignancy are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, however those methods can cause adverse effects and quite expensive. Complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) are also used to support those main treatments, one of them is herbal medicine. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is known to have various phytochemical components with antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and analgesic activities. This study is aimed to determine the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extract towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Method: Dried Hibiscus rosa-sinensis was milled to a powder, subsequently extracted by multilevel maceration method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol as solvents. Phytochemical components were analyzed by phytochemistry test and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH method, whereas cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells was evaluated by MTT assay.

Results: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis were proved to contain triterpenoids in all extracts, alkaloids in n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, flavonoids and tannins in ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, and steroids in n-hexane extract. TLC analysis showed n-hexane extract contains 8 phytochemical compounds, ethyl acetate contains 6 compounds, and ethanol extract contains 2 phytochemical compounds. Antioxidant activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extracts towards DPPH free radicals were highly active with IC50 value of 1.56 µg/mL for ethyl acetate extract and 42.30 µg/mL for ethanol extract. Cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells was moderately active with IC50 value of 79.37 µg/mL. IC50 value of n-hexane and ethanol extracts were 125.23 µg/mL and 210.77 µg/mL, respectively, in which both were categorized in weakly active.

Conclusion: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis contains several phytochemical components which showed highly active antioxidant activity towards DPPH free radicals and moderate-to-weak cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Bahasa Abstract

Latar belakang: Kanker payudara merupakan kanker yang paling umum terjadi pada wanita dengan tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi. Kanker ini terjadi karena adanya pertumbuhan tanpa terkendali sel-sel payudara. Tata laksana yang dapat dilakukan antara lain pembedahan, kemoterapi, dan radioterapi, meskipun metode tersebut tidak jarang menimbulkan berbagai efek samping bagi tubuh serta biaya yang mahal. Pengobatan alternatif juga kerap dilakukan untuk membantu penanganan kanker, salah satunya dengan obat-obatan herbal. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis diketahui memiliki berbagai kandungan zat aktif fitokimia serta memiliki aktivitas antioksidan, antibakteri, antikanker, dan analgesik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan fitokimia, aktivitas antioksidan, dan aktivitas sitotoksik ekstrak Hibiscus rosa-sinensis terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7.

Metode: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis yang sudah dikeringkan digiling menjadi serbuk, lalu dibuat menjadi ekstrak dengan metode maserasi bertingkat dengan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol. Analisis kandungan fitokimia dilakukan pada seluruh ekstrak dengan uji fitokimia dan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT), aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan uji DPPH, dan aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 dilakukan dengan metode MTT.

Hasil: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis memiliki kandungan triterpenoid pada ketiga ekstrak, kandungan alkaloid pada ekstrak n-heksana dan etil asetat, kandungan flavonoid dan tanin pada ekstrak etil asetat dan etanol, serta kandungan steroid pada ekstrak n-heksana. Analisis KLT menunjukkan ekstrak n-heksana memiliki 8 senyawa fitokimia, ekstrak etil asetat 6 senyawa, dan ekstrak etanol 2 senyawa fitokimia. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak Hibiscus rosa-sinensis terhadap radikal bebas DPPH tergolong sangat aktif, dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 1,56 µg/mL untuk ekstrak etil asetat dan 42,30 µg/mL untuk ekstrak etanol. Aktivitas sitotoksik ekstrak etil asetat H. rosa-sinensis terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 dikategorikan sedang dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 79,37 µg/mL. Ekstrak n-heksana den ekstrak etanol memiliki nilai IC50 masing-masing sebesar 125,23 µg/mL dan 210,77 µg/mL yang keduanya dikategorikan memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik yang lemah.

Simpulan: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis memiliki berbagai komponen fitokimia yang menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan terhadap radikal bebas DPPH yang sangat aktif dan aktivitas sitotoksik terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 yang cukup baik.

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