•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Globalization has brought about numerous changes to the world. However, those changes and advances have also been enjoyed by terrorist groups, one of them is ISIS which uses those things in its terror acts. This article seeks to explain how ISIS has adapted and enhanced its capacity as a result of globalization. Apart from employing the qualitative research method, this article also uses concepts and theories like terrorism, globalization, and James D. Kiras's theory on how globalization enhances terrorism. This article would then proceed to the three matters of ISIS as a threat to national and international security, how ISIS has developed as a result of globalization, and how despite its current state, it is still a threat to reckon with. First, ISIS has shown its uniqueness as a terrorist group in its capacity to adapt to globalization and concern with territories. The latter pushed it to utilize the former to strengthen its grasp on the territories it has taken over. Moving on, ISIS has grown in its mobility, lethality, proselytizing, coordination, and security. Finally, despite its decline, the international community is left with ISIS's remnants as well as the prospect of its reemergence.

Bahasa Abstract

Globalisasi telah membawa berbagai perubahan ke dunia. Namun, perubahan dan kemajuan tersebut juga dinikmati oleh kelompok teroris, salah satunya adalah ISIS yang menggunakan hal-hal tersebut pada aksi terornya. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memahami bagaimana ISIS telah beradaptasi dan berkembang sebagai akibat dari globalisasi. Artikel ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan konsep dan teori seperti globalisasi, terorisme, dan teori James D. Kiras mengenai bagaimana globalisasi memengaruhi kapasitas terorisme. Artikel ini fokus membahas pada tiga perkara, yakni terkait ISIS sebagai ancaman terhadap keamanan nasional dan internasional, bagaimana ISIS berkembang sebagai dampak dari globalisasi, serta bagaimana terlepas dari kondisinya sekarang, ISIS tetaplah ancaman yang patut diwaspadai. Artikel ini menemukan bahwa pertama, ISIS merupakan ancaman yang unik karena kapasitasnya untuk beradaptasi dengan globalisasi dan perhatiannya terhadap penguasaan wilayah. Perhatiannya pada penguasaan wilayah mendorongnya untuk memanfaatkan kapasitasnya yang telah berkembang untuk memperkuat kontrol di area yang telah dikuasainya. Selanjutnya, kapasitas ISIS pada aspek mobilitas, letalitas, menyebarkan pengaruhnya, koordinasi, dan keamanan. Kemudian, terlepas dari kondisinya kini, komunitas internasional masih dihadapkan dengan sisa-sisa ISIS serta kemungkinan bangkitnya ISIS.

References

Ahmad, J., & Darwich, S. (2021). Al-Hol Camp: Release, Return, and Reintegration of Syrian residents. Berlin: IMPACT Civil Society Research and Development. Retrieved from IMPACT Research: https://impactres.org/al-hol-camp/#:~:text=By%20early%202019%2C%20Al-Hol%20camp%20housed%20almost%2074%2C000,5906%20Syrians%2C%20and%20

Anti-Defamation League. (2014). Hashtag Terror: How ISIS Manipulates Social Media. New York: Anti-Defamation League Center on Extremism. Retrieved from Anti-Defamation League Report: https://www.adl.org/resources/report/hashtag-terror-how-isis-manipulates-social-media

Asharq Al-Awsat. (2017, December 17). ISIS Dormant Cells Pave Way for Open US Presence in Iraq. Retrieved from Asharq Al-Awsat: https://english.aawsat.com//home/article/1117636/isis-dormant-cells-pave-way-open-us-presence-iraq

Azevedo, C. V. de. (2020). ISIS Resurgence in Al Hawl Camp and Human Smuggling Enterprises in Syria: Crime and Terror Convergence?. Perspectives on Terrorism, 14(4), 43-63. Retrieved from https://pt.icct.nl/article/isis-resurgence-al-hawl-camp-and-human-smuggling-enterprises-syria-crime-and-terror

BBC. (2014). Syria conflict: Isis 'overruns' Raqqa Military Base. Retrieved from BBC News: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28481283

Bryman, A. (2008). Social Research Methods (3rd Ed.) New York: Oxford University Press.

Campbell, P. J., MacKinnon, A., & Stevens, C. R. (2010). An Introduction to Global Studies. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing.

CBS News. (2016). Brussels attacks: Photo, wanted notice released for suspect, CBS News. Retrieved from CBS News: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/brussels-attacks-isis-claims-responsibility-deadly-bombings-airport-subway/.

Cengiz, M., et al. (2022). The ISIS Model and its Influence Over Global Terrorism. European Scientific Journal, 18(7), 14-35. doi:10.19044/esj.2022.v18n7p14

Chermak, S. M., & Freilich, J. D. (2016). Transnational Terrorism. New York: Routledge.

Crenshaw, M., & LaFree, G. (2017). Countering Terrorism. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Cronin, A. K. (2002). Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism. Quarterly Journal: International Security, 27(3), 30-58. Retrieved from Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs: https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/behind-curve-globalization-and-international-terrorism

Cruickshank, P. (2017, October 30). The inside story of the Paris and Brussels attacks. Retrieved from CNN: https://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/30/europe/inside-paris-brussels-terror-attacks/index.html

Falk, T. O. (2020). ISIS armed itself with deadly weapons while Turkey turned a blind eye. Retrieved from InsideOver: https://www.insideover.com/terrorism/new-report-reveals-how-isis-got-its-weapons.html

Fox News. (2023). Underage ISIS terrorist planned bomb attack in Northern Italy, authorities allege. Retrieved from Fox News: https://www.foxnews.com/world/underage-isis-terrorist-planned-bomb-attack-northern-italy-authorities-allege

Graham, R. (2016). How Terrorists Use Encryption. CTC Sentinel, 9(6), 20-25. Retrieved from Combating Terrorism Center at West Point: https://ctc.westpoint.edu/how-terrorists-use-encryption/

Gunter, M., & Zagros, N. (2020). How formidable is ISIS?. Retrieved from Middle East Policy Council: https://mepc.org/commentary/how-formidable-isis.

History. (2017, July 10). ISIS. Retrieved from History.com: https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/isis

Hoffman, B. (2017). Inside terrorism (3rd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.

Institute for Economics and Peace. (2023). Global Terrorism Index 2023: Measuring the Impact of Terrorism. Sydney: Institute for Economics and Peace.

Kaplan, R. (2015, March 10). ISIS recruiting teenagers: Why the government is sounding the alarm. Retrieved from CNBC News: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/isis-recruiting-teenagers-why-the-government-is-sounding-the-alarm/

Kibtiah, T. M., & Yustikaningrum, R. V. (2018). ISIS defeat in the Middle East: It's impact on the increase of ISIS power in the Southeast Asia (case study: The increasing number of ISIS member in Indonesia). Journal of Strategic and Global Studies, 1(2), 43-65. doi:10.7454/jsgs.v1i2.1009.

Kiras, J. D. (2020). Terrorism and Globalization. in J. Baylis, S. Smith, & P. Owens, The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (8th ed., pp. 449-465). New York: Oxford University Press.

Kumar, C. (2015). Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) a Global Threat: International Strategy to Counter the Threat. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(4), pp. 345–353.

Lamont, C. (2015). Research Methods in International Relations. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishing.

Lister, T. (2015). What does ISIS really want?. Retrieved from CNN: https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/11/middleeast/isis-syria-iraq-caliphate/index.html.

Luquerna, A. (2020). The Children of ISIS: Statelessness and Eligibility for Asylum under International Law. Chicago Journal of International Law, 21(1), 148-193. Retrieved from University of Chicago: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cjil/vol21/iss1/5

Martínez, J. C., & Eng, B. (2017). Struggling to perform the state: The politics of bread in the Syrian Civil War. International Political Sociology, 11(2), 130-147 doi:10.1093/ips/olw026

McGrew, A. (2020). Globalization and Global Politics. in J. Baylis, S. Smith, & P. Owens, The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (pp. 19-33). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Milevsky, A. (2014, September 8). Why Are Teens Joining ISIS?. Retrieved from HuffPost: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/why-are-teens-joining-isi_b_5773668

Mohanty, S., et al. (2018, December). Irrelevant Borders: Perspectives of Globalization. Retrieved from Research Gate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329982271_Irrelevant_Borders_Perspectives_of_Globalization

Nasution, M. A. R. (2020). Repatriation Plan for ISIS Members of Indonesian Citizenship from Iraq and Syria to The Homeland in the National Security Perspective. in Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Strategic and Global Studies (pp. 328-344). Jakarta.

Piazza, J. A., & Guler, A. (2021). The Online Caliphate: Internet Usage and ISIS Support in the Arab World. Terrorism and Political Violence, 33(6), 1256-1275. doi:10.1080/09546553.2019.1606801

Qaddour, A., & Fallon, K. (2021). Covid-19: Compounding 10 Years of Health Crises in Syria. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from CSIS: https://www.csis.org/analysis/covid-19-compounding-10-years-health-crises-syria

Radil, S. M., & Pinos, J. C. (2019). Reexamining the Four Waves of Modern Terrorism: A Territorial Interpretation. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 45(4), 311–330. doi:10.1080/1057610x.2019.1657310.

Ratliff, E. (2016). The strange origins of TrueCrypt, ISIS's favored encryption tool. Retrieved from The New Yorker: https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-strange-origins-of-truecrypt-isiss-favored-encryption-tool.

Siegel, J. (2014, October 22). Has ISIS Peaked as a Military Power? Retrieved from Daily Beast World | Turning Tide: https://www.thedailybeast.com/has-isis-peaked-as-a-military-power

Sisk, R. (2020, August 13). COVID-19 Has Hit Syria's Biggest ISIS Prison Camp, US General Says. Retrieved from Military.com: https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/08/13/covid-19-has-hit-syrias-biggest-isis-prison-camp-us-general-says.html

Sonawane, V. (2016). Full list of ISIS attacks in US. Retrieved from International Business Times: https://www.ibtimes.com/isis-attacks-us-full-list-incidents-related-islamic-state-group-2452726.

Souza, R. D. (2015, November 23). ISIS Releases Another Kill List of US Military and Security Officials. Retrieved from Hackread.com: https://www.hackread.com/isis-leaks-us-military-security-officials-kill-list/

Speckhard, A., & Ellenberg, M. (2020). Spontaneous deradicalization and the path to repatriate some ISIS members. Retrieved from Homeland Security Today: https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/counterterrorism/perspective-spontaneous-deradicalization-and-the-path-to-repatriate-some-isis-members/

Steger, M. B. (2020). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford Academic.

Tulga, A. Y. (2022). Hard and Soft Terrorism Concepts: The Case of ISIS. Pakistan Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(2), 109-132. Retrieved from https://nacta.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Hard-and-Soft-Terrorism-Concepts-The-Case-of-ISIS.pdf

Widiatmaja, A., & Rizqi, F. H. (2019). The Rise of Non-State Actors in Globalization and Democratization Era: Terrorist Group versus State Actors. SentriS: Academic Journal of International Relations Students, 2(2), 1-16. doi:10.26593/sentris.v2i2.4180.47-62

Windsor, L. (2020). The Language of Radicalization: Female Internet Recruitment to Participation in ISIS Activities. Terrorism and Political Violence, 32(3), 506-538. doi:10.1080/09546553.2017.1385457

Wood, G. (2015). What ISIS really wants. Retrieved from The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/03/what-isis-really-wants/384980/.

Zimmermann, E. (2011). Globalization and Terrorism. European Journal of Political Economy, 27(1), S152-S161. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2011.09.003

Download

Share

COinS