•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Technological developments in the last 20 years have affected people's daily lives and caused many innovations. The internet and social media are among the most important developments, and these developments have led to an increase in the speed of news and people's rapid access to information on various topics. However, progress in technology has also affected terrorist organisations. This effect has changed the methods, strategies, and visions of terrorist organisations. With these new methods and strategies, terrorist organisations could negatively affect the psychology of the people who are not directly affected by global terrorism. The best example of this is Taiwan. In this study, I focus on the impact of hard and soft terrorism on the Taiwanese. In this direction, I use the mixed-method approach in this study. I analyse the 7th wave of the World Values Survey with the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression method. Qualitative face-to-face interviews with Taiwanese will support the quantitative results.

References

Abbadi, S. (2015). Jordan in the Shadow of ISIS. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 7(2), 8-12.

Ali, K., Zain-ul-Abdin, K., Li, C., Johns, L., Ali, A. A., & Carcioppolo, N. (2019). Viruses going viral: impact of fear-arousing sensationalist social media messages on user engagement. Science communication, 41(3), 314-338.

Altier, M. B., Horgan, J., & Thoroughgood, C. (2012). In their own words? Methodological considerations in the analysis of terrorist autobiographies. Journal of Strategic Security, 5(4), 85-98.

Aly, A. (2007). The terrorists' audience: A model of internet radicalisation. Journal of the Australian Institute of Professional Intelligence Officers, 17(1), 3-18.

Aly, A., & Balnaves, M. (2007). “They want us to be afraid” Developing a Metric for the Fear of Terrorism. International Journal of Diversity in Organisations, Communities Nations, 66, 113-122.

Babbie, E. R. (2014). The practice of social research. Cengage learning.

Badawy, A., & Ferrara, E. (2018). The rise of jihadist propaganda on social networks. Journal of Computational Social Science, 1(2), 453-470.

Bennett, D. A. (2001). How can I deal with missing data in my study?. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 25(5), 464-469.

Ben-Zur, H., Gil, S., & Shamshins, Y. (2012). The relationship between exposure to terror through the media, coping strategies and resources, and distress and secondary traumatisation. International Journal of Stress Management, 19(2), 132.

Berger, J. M. (2014). How ISIS games twitter. The Atlantic, 16(06).

Berger, J. M., & Morgan, J. (2015). The ISIS Twitter census: defining and describing the population of ISIS supporters on Twitter. Brookings Institution.

Bolanos, M. D. P. (2012). The media circus: how media events are used in the international struggle for image power [Doctoral dissertation]. Carleton University, Ottawa.

Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological science in the public interest, 11(1), 1-49.

Braithwaite, J. (2013). Inequality, crime and public policy (Routledge revivals). Routledge.

Braziel, R., Straub, F. G., Watson, G., & Hoops, R. (2016, January). Bringing calm to chaos: A critical incident review of the San Bernardino public safety response to the December 2, 2015, terrorist shooting incident at the Inland Regional Center. In the United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. The United States. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

Ceron, A., Curini, L., & Iacus, S. M. (2019). Isis at its apogee: The Arabic discourse on Twitter and what we can learn from that about isis support and foreign fighters. Sage Open, 9(1), 2158244018789229.

Chmielewski, M., & Watson, D. (2009). What is being assessed and why it matters: the impact of the transient error on trait research. Journal of personality and social psychology, 97(1), 186.

Çardak, B. (2020). Ankara ve İstanbul’da Yaşayan İnsanların Terör Korkusu Üzerine Analitik Bir Çalışma (2002-2018) [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. Yıldırım Beyazıt Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.

Dean, G., Bell, M., & Newman, J. (2012). Pakistan Journal of Criminology. Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 3(3).

Dolliver, M. J., & Kearns, E. M. (2019). Is it terrorism?: Public perceptions, media, and labeling of the Las Vegas Shooting. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 1-19.

Farwell, J. P. (2014). The media strategy of ISIS. Survival, 56(6), 49-55.

Finseraas, H., & Listhaug, O. (2013). It can happen here: The impact of the Mumbai terror attacks on public opinion in Western Europe. Public Choice, 156(1), 213-228.

Global Terrorism Index. "Measuring and understanding the impact of terrorism." Institute for Economics and Peace (2021): 13-14.

Goodwin, R., Kaniasty, K., Sun, S., & Ben-Ezra, M. (2014). Psychological distress and prejudice following terror attacks in France. Journal of psychiatric research, 91, 111-115.

Gordon, P., Moore, J. E., Park, J. Y., & Richardson, H. W. (2007). The economic impacts of a terrorist attack on the US commercial aviation system. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 27(3), 505-512.

Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., Lagos, P. Norris, E., & Ponarin, B. (2022). World Values Survey: Round Seven - Country-Pooled Datafile Version 4.0. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. doi:10.14281/18241.18

Hong, F., Lin, Y., Jang, M., Tarullo, A., Ashy, M., & Malley-Morrison, K. (2020). Fear of terrorism and its correlates in young men and women from the United States and South Korea. Journal of aggression, conflict and peace research.

Hutcheson, G. D. (2011). Ordinary least-squares regression. The SAGE dictionary of quantitative management research, 224-228.

Inglehart, R., Basanez, M., Diez-Medrano, J., Halman, L., & Luijkx, R. (2014). World values surveys and European values surveys, 1981-1984, 1990-1993, and 1995-1997. Ann Arbor-Michigan, Institute for Social Research, ICPSR version.

Iqbal, M. Z. (2015). The media–terrorism symbiosis: A case study of Mumbai attacks, 2008. Asian Journal of Communication, 25(2), 197-212.

Iyer, A., Webster, J., Hornsey, M. J., & Vanman, E. J. (2014). Understanding the power of the picture: The effect of image content on emotional and political responses to terrorism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(7), 511-521.

Jetter, M. (2019). More bang for the buck: Media coverage of suicide attacks. Terrorism political violence, 31(4), 779-799.

John, O. P., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2000). Measurement: Reliability, construct validation, and scale construction. Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology.

Kaplan, J. (2011). History and terrorism. The Journal of American History, 98(1), 101-105.

Klausen, J. (2015). Tweeting the Jihad: Social media networks of Western foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 38(1), 1-22.

LaFree, G., Dugan, L., & Miller, E. (2021). Putting terrorism in context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database. Routledge.

Laqueur, W. (1999). The new terrorism: Fanaticism and the arms of mass destruction. Oxford University Press on Demand.

Lavanco, G., Romano, F., & Milio, A. (2008). Terrorism’s fear: Perceived personal and national threats. International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, 3(4), 305-308.

Liska, A. E., Sanchirico, A., & Reed, M. D. (1988). Fear of crime and constrained behavior specifying and estimating a reciprocal effects model. Social Forces, 66(3), 827-837.

Lützinger, S. (2010). Die Sicht der Anderen. Eine qualitati-ve Studie zu Biographien von Extremisten und Terroristen. Köln: Hermann Luchterhand Verlag.

Mahadevan, P. (2019). South Asia: from terrorism to radicalism. In Handbook of Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Post 9/11. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Makkonen, A., Oksanen, A., Gadarian, S. K., Herreros, F., Winsvold, M. S., Solheim, Ø. B., ... & Steen-Johnsen, K. (2020). Fear-triggering effects of terrorism threats: Cross-country comparison in a terrorism news scenario experiment. Personality and individual differences, 161, 109992.

Marin, L. (2016). The fate of the Data Retention Directive: about mass surveillance and fundamental rights in the EU legal order. In Research Handbook on EU criminal law. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Nellis, A. M. (2009). Gender differences in fear of terrorism. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 25(3), 322-340.

Pfefferbaum, B., Noffsinger, M. A., Wind, L. H., & Allen, J. R. (2014). Children's coping in the context of disasters and terrorism. Journal of loss trauma, 19(1), 78-97.

Rafique, M. N. A. N., & Yasmin, A. (2020). Exploring the Impact of Terrorism on Emotional and Psychological Wellbeing of University Students and Teachers in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study. Pakistan Social Science Review, 4(3), 66-80.

Rapoport, D. C. (2002). The Four Waves of Rebel Terror and September. Anthropoetics, 8(1), 1-11.

Rapoport, D. C. (2004). The four waves of modern terrorism: Attacking Terrorism: Elements of a Grand Strategy. Georgetown University Press.

Richards, A. (2014). Conceptualising terrorism. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, 37(3), 213-236.

Roy, N., Kapil, V., Subbarao, I., & Ashkenazi, I. (2011). Mass casualty response in the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 5(4), 273-279.

Rubin, G. J., Amlôt, R., Page, L., & Wessely, S. (2008). Methodological challenges in assessing general population reactions in the immediate aftermath of a terrorist attack. International journal of methods in psychiatric research, 17(S2), S29-S35.

Schafer, J. L. (1999). Multiple imputation: a primer. Statistical methods in medical research, 8(1), 3-15.

Secara, D. (2015). The Role of Social Networks in the Work of Terrorist Groups. The Case of Isis and Al-Qaeda. Research Science Today, 77.

Shoshani, A., & Slone, M. (2008). The drama of media coverage of terrorism: Emotional and attitudinal impact on the audience. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 31(7), 627-640.

Sweeney, M. M., Perliger, A., & Pedahzur, A. (2021). Reconstructing the theater of terror. Small Wars Insurgencies, 32(3), 469-489.

Thinsungnoen, T., Durongdumrongchai, P., Kerdprasop, K., & Kerdprasop, N. (2015, February). Discretisation Based on Chi2 Algorithm and Visualise Technique for Association Rule Mining. In The 3rd International Conference on Industrial Application Engineering 2015 (ICIAE2015).

Tulga, A. Y. (2020). The Role of Mass Media in Terrorism and Its Effect on Individuals. İnsan ve İnsan, 7 (25), 47-64.

Tulga, A. Y. (2022). Hard and Soft Terrorism Concepts: The Case of ISIS. Pakistan Journal of Terrorism Research, 3(2).

Türk, B., & Hamzaoğlu, N. (2019). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Terör Mağduru Olma Korkusunun Değerlendirilmesi: İstanbul Örneği. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(17), 176-193.

Warr, M., & Ellison, C. G. (2000). Rethinking social reactions to crime: Personal and altruistic fear in family households. American Journal of Sociology, 106(3), 551-578.

Weimann, G. (1983). The theater of terror: Effects of press coverage. Journal of Communication.

Weinberg, L. (2009). Global terrorism. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.

Weinberg, L. (2013). The end of terrorism?. Routledge.

Williamson, H., Fay, S., & Miles-Johnson, T. (2019). Fear of terrorism: media exposure and subjective fear of attack. Global Crime, 20 (1), 1-25.Â

Download

Share

COinS