Abstract
China is experiencing a fast and dynamic phase of economic development driven by its fast pace of industrialisation. The vast energy demand has pushed China to import energy from other countries with plentiful natural resources. To this aim, China conducts economic diplomacy worldwide, including Angola, a country with plentiful natural resources in Africa. The main concern of this research is China's economic diplomacy which is considered as a form of neocolonialism in this globalisation era. Therefore, the research question of this research is why China's economic diplomacy towards Angola constitutes neocolonialisation. To this aim, this study utilises the Neocolonialism theory in dissecting China's Economic Diplomacy against Angola. This study uses qualitative method with a case study approach using secondary data. Thus, the basis for this research is the author's interpretation. This research concludes that China's economic diplomacy towards Angola constitutes neocolonialisation since the economic means that China exerts on Angola enables China to indirectly control Angola's politics, economy and natural resources, which in turn leads to Angola's dependence on China.
References
Afisi, O. (2017). “The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Neocolonialism” Naturalistic Epistemology. Retrieved 9 December 2020 from http://www.iep.utm.edu/neocolon/#H3
Afisi, O. (2011). “Globalisation and Value System.” LUMINA, Vol. 22, No.2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279445790_GLOBALIZATION_AND_VALUE_SYSTEM
Agence Ecofin. (2015). Angola makes Chinese Yuan its second legal tender. Retrieved 9 December 2020 from https://www.agenceecofin.com/finance-uk/0908-31268-angola-makes-chinese-yuan-its- second-legal-tender
AidData. (2015). Chinese aid to Africa looks a lot like Western aid to Africa, new research finds. Retrieved 9 December 2020 from http://aiddata.org/blog/chinese-aid-to-africa-looks-a-lot-like-western-aid-to-africa-new-research-finds
Aidoo, R. (2013). China and Angola: The True Dynamic Duo in Sino-Africa Relations. Foreign Policy Journal. https://www.foreignpolicyjournal.com/2013/06/20/china-and-angola-the-true-dynamic-duo-in-sino-africa-relations/
Alves, A. C. (2010). The Oil Factor in Sino-Angolan Relations at the Start of the 21st Century. The South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA) Occasional Paper, No. 55. https://saiia.org.za/research/the-oil-factor-in-sino-angolan-relations-at-the-start-of-the-21st-century/
Amelie, S. (2014). “Harga Minyak Anjlok, Negara Ini Dihantui Kebangkrutan.” Retrieved 19 December 2020 from https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/2144150/harga-minyak-anjlok-negara-ini-dihantui-kebangkrutan
Amusa, K. (2016). How and why China became Africa’s biggest aid donor. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/how-and-why-china-became-africas- biggest-aid-donor-57992
Attah, N. E. (2013). The Historical Conjuncture of Neo-colonialism and Underdevelopment in Nigeria. Journal of African Studies and Development, 5(5), pp. 70-79. https://academicjournals.org/journal/JASD/article-abstract/B0B663810820
Baah, A & Jauch, H. (2009). “Chinese Investments in Africa: A Labor Perspective”. African Labor Research Network. https://www.fnv.nl/site/over-de-fnv/internationaal/mondiaal- fnv/documenten/english/publications/Chinese_investments_in_Africa_final_report1.pdf
Banco Nacional de Angola. (2007). Retrieved 9 December 2020 from https://www.bna.ao/default.aspx?idl=2
Baranay, P. (2009). Modern Economic Diplomacy. Latvia: Publications of Diplomatic Economic Club. Diplomatic Economic Club.
Bergeijk, P. A.G. & Moons, S. (2009). “Economic Diplomacy and Economic Security.” New Frontiers for Economic Diplomacy, pp. 37-54. https://ssrn.com/abstract=1436584
Brautigam, D. (2009). The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story if China in Africa. Oxford University Press.
Brautigam, D. (2020). China, the World Bank, and African Debt: A War of Words. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/china-the-world-bank-and-african-debt-a-war-of-words/
Burgos, S. & Ear, S. (2012). China's Oil Hunger in Angola: history and perspective. Journal of Contemporary China.
Chandramohan, B. (2010). Why China Wins Africa Game. The Diplomat. http://thediplomat.com/2010/07/17/why-china-wins-africa-game/
Corkin, L. (2012). Chinese construction companies in Angola: A local linkages perspective. Resources Policy Volume 37, Issue 4, pp. 475-483. https://www-sciencedirect- com.ezproxy.its.uu.se/science/article/pii/S0301420712000384
Corkin, L. & Burke, C. (2006). China's Interest and Activity in Africa's Construction and Infrastructure Sectors. Centre for Chinese Studies, Stellenbosch University. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/countries/asia/China/partners.asp
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Penelitian Kualitatif & Desain Riset. Pustaka Pelajar.
Dudovskiy, J. (2016). Case Studies. Research Methodology. https://research-methodology.net/research-methods/qualitative-research/case-studies/
Eberling, G. G. (2017). China and Angola dalam China’s Bilateral Relations with its Principal Oil Suppliers. Lexington Books.
Fakih, M. (2002). Runtuhnya Teori Pembangunan dan Globalisasi. Pustaka Pelajar.
Falola, T. & Heaton, M. (n.d). Neocolonialism - Bibliography - African, Countries, Independence, and Africa. Retrieved 3 February 2020 from https://science.jrank.org/pages/7920/Neocolonialism.html
Focus Economics. (2017). Trade Balance in Angola. Retrieved 9 December 2020 from https://www.focus- economics.com/country-indicator/angola/trade-balance
Forum China Plp. (2015). Angola’s currency to be accepted in China. Permanent Secretariat of the Forum for Economic and Trade Co-operation between China and Portuguese-speaking Countries. http://www.forumchinaplp.org.mo/angolas-currency-to- be-accepted-in-china/
Friedman, T. (2002). Memahami globalisasi. Institut Teknik Bandung.
George, L. (2016). Growing Chinese debt leaves Angola with little spare oil. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/angola-oil-finance-idUSL5N16H3EV
Gu, et al. (2016). Chinese State Capitalism? Rethinking the Role of the State and Business in Chinese Development Cooperation in Africa. World Development, vol. 81, pp. 24-34. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15301625#!
Haag, D. (2011). Mechanisms of Neo-colonialism: Current French and British influence in Cameroon and Ghana. Institut Català Internacional per la Pau. http://icip.gencat.cat/web/.content/continguts/publicacions/workingpapers/2011/arxius/wp_ 2011-6_ing.pdf
Halperin, S. (2007). Neocolonialism. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 December 2020 from https://www.britannica.com/topic/neocolonialism
Haroz, D. (2011). China in Africa: Symbiosis or Exploitation? The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 35(2), pp. 65-88. http://www.fletcherforum.org/home/2016/8/12/china-in-africa-symbiosis-or-exploitation
Holslag, J. (2010). China’s Road to Influence. Asian Survey 50(4), pp. 641-662, University of California Press. http://www.jonathanholslag.be/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Roads-to-influence.pdf
Investopedia. (2017). “Dutch Disease”. Retrieved 9 December 2020 from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/dutchdisease.asp
Jati, W. R. (2013). “Ketimpangan Utara-Selatan dalam Globalisasi.” E-journal UMM.
Kelly, R. (2017). How China’s Soft Power Is Building a Neo-Colonial System in Africa. Ketagalan Media. http://www.ketagalanmedia.com/2017/10/09/how-chinas-soft- power-is-building-a-neo-colonial-system-in-africa/
Kuchins, A. (2009). Chinese Soft Power and its Implications for the United States: Competition and Cooperation in the Developing World. The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinese-soft-power-and-its-implications-united-states
Layton, T. & Nielson, D. (2009). Aiding Inequality: The Effect of Foreign Aid on Income Inequality. Brigham Young University.
Macau. (2015). China’s aid is increasingly important for Angola. Retrieved 9 December 2020 from https://macauhub.com.mo/feature/chinas-aid-is-increasingly-important-for-angola/
Maduagwu O. M. (1999). Globalization and its challenges to National Cultures and Values: A Perspective from Sub-saharan Africa. University of Munish.
Mazrui, A. (2002). Nkrumanizm and the Triple Heritage in the Shadow of Globalisation. University of Ghana.
Mlambo, V. (2018). Exploitation dressed in a suit, shining shoes, and carrying a suitcase full of dollars: What does China want in Africa? Journal of Public Affairs, 19(1). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pa.1892
Muzima, J. (2017). Angola African Economic Outlook, UNDP, OECD.
Nkrumah, K. (1965). Neo-Colonialism, the Last Stage of imperialism. Marxist.org. https://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/neo-colonialism/introduction.htm
Nkrumah, K. (1965). Neo-Colonialism: The Highest Stage of Imperialism. Heinemann.
Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. Public Affairs.
Odell, J. S. (2000). Negotiating the World Economy. Cornell University Press
Okano-Heijmans, M. (2011). Conceptualizing Economic Diplomacy: The Crossroads of International Relations, Economics, IPE and Diplomatic Studies.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy, pp. 7-36. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233659639_Conceptualizing_Economic_DiplomacyThe_Crossroads_of_International_Relations_Economics_IPE_and_Diplomatic_Studies
Oktapiani, N. (2015). Pengaruh Ekspor Minyak Angola ke Industri Tiongkok Pasca Masuknya Angola ke OPEC Tahun 2007. Jom FISIP Volume 2(1). https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/31938-ID-pengaruh-ekspor-minyak-angola-ke-industri-Tiongkok-pasca-masuknya-angola-ke-opec-tah.pdf
Parenti, M. (2011). The Face of Imperialism. Paradigm Publishers.
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrative Theory and Practice. SAGE Publications.
Power, M & Alves, C. (2012). China and Angola: a marriage of convenience? Pambazuka Press.
Rashid, H.U. (2005). Economic Diplomacy in South Asia. Address to the Indian Economy & Business Update. https://crawford.anu.edu.au/acde/asarc/pdf/papers/conference/CONF2005_04.pdf
Rotberg, R. (2015). China’s economic slowdown threatens African progress. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/chinas-economic-slowdown- threatens-african-progress-49544
Sagoe, C (2012). The Neo-Colonialism of Development Programs. E-international Relations Info. http://www.e-ir.info/2012/08/12/the-neo-colonialism-of-development-programs/
Sandrey, R & Edinger, H. (2010). The Impact of China-Africa Trade Relations: The Case of Angola. Policy Brief Issue.
Serequeberhan, T. (1998). Philosophy and Post-Colonial Africa in African Philosophy: An Anthology. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Taylor, I. (2007). China and Africa: Engagement and Compromise. Routledge Publishers.
The Global Economy. (2021). Angola: Oil Production. Retrieved 5 January 2021 from https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Angola/oil_production/
The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). (2016). Angola. Atlas Media. Retrieved 9 December 2020 from https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/ago/
The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). (2018). Angola Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners. Retrieved 30 November 2020 from https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ago#trade-products
Thompson, R. (2012). Assessing the Chinese Influence in Ghana, Angola, and Zimbabwe: The Impact of Politics, Partners, and Petro. Center for International Security and Cooperation. https://fsi.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/CISAC_Thesis_Thompson.pdf
Tiezzi, S. (2015). Maduro: China Gives $5 Billion Loan to Venezuela. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/maduro-china-gives-5-billion-loan-to-venezuela/
Todaro, M. P. & Smith, S. (2006). Pembangunan Ekonomi (edisi kesembilan, jilid I). Erlangga.
Transparency International. (2016). “Angola”. Retrieved 9 December 2020 from https://www.transparency.org/en/countries/angola#
Troush, S. (1999). China’s Changing Oil Strategy and its Foreign Policy Implications. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/chinas-changing-oil-strategy-and-its-foreign-policy-implications/
Tukumbi, L-K. (2011). “China-Africa Relations: A Neo-Imperialism or a Neo-Colonialism? A Reflection”. Brill Journals, African and Asian studies, vol 10, pp. 234-266.
Vasquez, P. I. (2019). “China’s Oil and Gas Footprint in Latin America and Africa.” International Development Policy. https://journals.openedition.org/poldev/3174
Victor, D. et al. (2012). Oil and Governance: State‐Owned Enterprises and the World Energy Supply. Cambridge University Press
Worldfolio (2014). China in Angola: win-win partnership or marriage of convenience? http://www.theworldfolio.com/news/China-in-Angola:-win-win-partnership-or-marriage-of- convenience/3457/
Yin, R. (2013). Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Edition 5. SAGE Publications.
Zaroni, A. (2015). Globalisasi Ekonomi dan Implikasinya Bagi Negara-Negara Berkembang. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, AL-TIJARY, 1(1) https://media.neliti.com/media/publications/141387-ID-globalisasi-ekonomi-dan-implikasinya-bag.pdf
Zhao, S. (2011). The China-Angola Partnership: A Case Study of China’s Oil Relations in Africa. China Briefing. https://www.china-briefing.com/news/the-china-angola-partnership-a-case-study-of-chinas-oil-relationships-with-african-nations/
Zhao, S. (2014). A Neo-Colonialist Predator or Development Partner? China's engagement and rebalance in Africa. Journal of Contemporary China, 23(90), pp. 1033-1052. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10670564.2014.898893
Recommended Citation
Salsabila, Ghina and Kusumawardhana, Indra
(2021)
"Cave! Hic Dragones: Understanding Neocolonialism in China’s Economic Diplomacy towards Angola,"
Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional: Vol. 23:
No.
2, Pp. 153-191.
DOI: 10.7454/global.v23i2.645
Available at:
https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/global/vol23/iss2/1
Included in
Defense and Security Studies Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, Law Commons, Political Theory Commons