•  
  •  
 

Abstract

This paper will discuss about the problem surrounding human trafficking eradication in Indonesia. In general, the effort to eradicate human trafficking in Indonesia has been focusing too much on enforcing criminal law and restricting immigration instead of protecting and preventing the victim of trafficking. In order to explain why it happened, this paper will use Amitav Acharya’s theory on norm localization which provides a framework to assume that the norm of human trafficking eradication in Indonesia has been appropriated by certain contradicting value. By using the theory, this paper finds that the norm of human trafficking eradication promoted by Palermo Protocol is directly against patriarchal culture, thus the culture has an interest to localize the norm. This paper concludes that the localization of human trafficking eradication norm by patriarchal culture in Indonesia has removed the value of human security in favor of state security.

References

Acharya, A. (2004). How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localization and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism. International Organization Vol. 58 No. 2, 239-251.

Aktivis: Politik Pengaruhi Laporan Perdagangan Manusia Deplu AS. (2016, June 30). Retrieved from VOA Indonesia: http://www.voaindonesia.com/a/politik-terlibat- dalam-laporan-perdagangan-manusia-/3398866.html

Andari, A. J. (2012). Analisis Viktimisasi Stuktural terhadap Tiga Korban Perdagangan Perempuan dan Anak perempuan. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.

Aria, P. (2016, May 25). Indonesia Lanjutkan Moratorium Pengiriman PRT ke Arab. Retrieved from Tempo.co: https://m.tempo.co/read/news/2016/05/25/090773961/indonesia-lanjutkan- moratorium-pengiriman-prt-ke-arab

Asmarani, D. (2016, May 27). Ending Rape Culture in Indonesia. Retrieved from Magdalene: http://magdalene.co/news-815-ending-rape-culture-in- indonesia.html,

Cortell, A. P., & Davis, J. (2000). Understanding the Domestic Impact of International Norms: A Research Agenda. International Studies Review, Vol. 2 No. 1, 65-87.

Davidson, J. O. (2006). Will the Real Sex Slave Please Stand Up? Feminist Review No. 83, Sexual Moralities, 16-34.

Feingold, D. A. (2005). Human Trafficking. Foreign Policy No. 150, 26-30.

Finnemore, M., & Sikkink, K. (1998). International Norm Dynamics and Political Change. International Organization Vol. 52 No. 4, 887-917.

Heinrich, K. H. (2010). Ten Years After the Palermo Protocol: Where are Protection for Human Trafficking Victims? Human Rights Brief Vol. 18 No. 1, 1-9.

Hidayati, M. N. (2012). Upaya Pemberantasan dan Pencegahan Perdagangan Orang melalui Hukum Internasional dan Hukum Positif Indonesia. Jurnal Al-Azhar Indonesia Seri Pranata Sosial Vol. 1 No. 3, 166-193.

Hrženjak, M. (2009). Female Sex Trafficking in Asia. The Resilience of Patriarchy in a Changing World. Development in Practice 19: 6, 818-819.

Huijsmans, R. (2011). The Theatre of Human Trafficking: A Global Discourse on Lao Stages. The International Journal of Social Quality Vol. 1 No. 2, 2-20.

Keck, M. E., & Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Network in International Politics. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

Kotz, R. (2017, September 19). Why Men Who Oppose Trafficking Must Fight Patriarchy. Retrieved Mei 29, 2018, from CBE International: https://www.cbeinternational.org/blogs/why-men-who-oppose-trafficking-must-fight-patriarchy

Kuwado, F. J. (2015, September 15). Kisah Elikah, TKW yang Jadi Korban Perdagangan Manusia. Retrieved November 29, 2017, from Kompas: http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2015/09/15/08032881/Kisah.Elikah.TKW.yang.Jadi.Korban.Perdagangan.Manusia

Li, D. E. (2014, August 27). Pejabat Kepolisian dalam Rantai Perdagangan Manusia. Retrieved from Indoprogress: m.news.viva.co.id/news/read/681195

Lismartini, E., & Georgina, R. R. (2015, October 1). Kemlu Pulangkan 35 WNI Korban Perdagangan Manusia. Retrieved from Viva News: m.news.viva.co.id/news/read/681195

Movanita, A. N. (2015, Oktober 25). Kronologi Penyelamatan 39 WNI Korban Perdagangan Manusia di Arab Saudi. Retrieved November 29, 2017, from Kompas: http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2015/10/25/21245441/Kronologi.Penyelamatan.39.WNI.Korban.Perdagangan.Manusia.di.Arab.Saudi

Parrenas, R. S., Hwang, M. C., & Lee, H. R. (2012). What is Human Trafficking? A Review Essay. Signs Vol. 37 No. 4, Sex: A Thematic Issue, 1011-1037.

Press Release: Perangi Perdagangan Manusia dengan Komitmen dan Hati. (2016, August 31). Retrieved from KPPPA: http://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/1240/press-release-perangi-perdagangan-orang-dengan-komitmen-dan-hati

Protocol to Prevent, Supress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. (n.d.). Retrieved from UNHCR: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/ProtocolTraffickingInPersons.aspx

Ratnaningsih, E. (2016). Pemenuhan Rehabilitasi dan Restitusi bagi Korban Perdagangan Orang. Retrieved from Universitas Bina Nusantara: http://business-law.binus.ac.id/2016/08/31/pemenuhan-rehabilitasi-dan-restitusi-bagi-korban-perdagangan-orang/

Rice, J. K. (2001). Poverty, Welfare, and Patriarchy: How Macro‐Level Changes in Social Policy Can Help Low‐Income Women. Journal of Social Issues Vol. 57 No. 2, 355-374.

Sakina, A. I., & Siti, D. H. (2007). Menyoroti Budaya Patriarki di Indonesia. Share Social Work Vol. 7 No. 1, 1-29.

Sarkeesian, A. (2013, Maret 7). Damsel in Distress (Part 1) Tropes vs Women. Retrieved Mei 29, 2018, from Feminist Frequency: https://feministfrequency.com/video/damsel-in-distress-part-1/

Sikwan, A. (2006). Perdagangan Perempuan Antarnegara: Perdagangan Amoi di Singkawang, Kalimantan Barat. Populasi 17 (2), 129-142.

Soemitro, M. G. (2010, November 17). Mengapa TKI Dianiaya? Karena TKI Menggoda! Retrieved from Kompasiana: www.kompasiana.com/mariahardayanto

Traffic in Women and Girls. (1994, December 23). Retrieved from United Nations: http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/49/166

U.S. Department of State. (2001, July). Trafficking in Persons Report. Retrieved from U.S. Department of State: http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2001/3930.htm

Undang-Undang Nomor 14 Tahun 2009 tentang Pengesahan Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime,. (n.d.). Retrieved from Kementerian Luar Negeri RI: http://pih.kemlu.go.id/files/uu_14_2009.pdf

UNESCO and the Coalition against Trafficking in Women, The Penn State Report: Report of an International Meeting of Experts on Sexual Exploitation, Violence and Prostitution. (1999, April). Retrieved from UNESCO: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/mwg-internal/de5fs23hu73ds/ progress?id=G8jAbvj9lc

US Department of State. (2001, July). 2001 Trafficking in Persons Report. Retrieved from US Department of State: http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2001/3930.htm

USAID. (2006). Anti-Trafficking Technical Assistance. USAID.

UU No. 21 Tahun 2007 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang. (n.d.). Retrieved from UNSTRAT: http://hukum.unsrat.ac.id/uu/uu_21_2007.htm

Wahyuningsih, S. (2007). Upaya Perlindungan Hukum dan Rehabilitasi bagi Korban Perdagangan Anak Perempuan dengan Tujuan untuk Dilacurkan di Surakarta. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret.

Download

Share

COinS