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Abstract

This article explains the influence of the United States of America to Indonesian counter-terrorism. Two aspects of counter-terrorism are explained: effectiveness and adherence to human rights values. It argues that America’s emphasis on the need to forge security cooperation in responding to terrorism facilitated human rights values to be adopted as justification of counter-terrorism, rather than a balancer to its effectiveness. Indonesia’s cooperation with the U.S in counter-terrorism has facilitated the growth of the restitutive or kinetic measures, but neglects a strengthening of political leadership over institutional development of counter-terrorism. The latter can be judged from the absence of policy-evaluation, strategy document, and joint capacity-development of other agencies responsible for counter-terrorism. In the long run, this paper argues, the lack of political leadership nurtures the tradition impunity to the security apparatuses in the conduct of counter-terrorism.

Bahasa Abstract

Artikel ini menjelaskan tentang pengaruh dari perhatian dunia internasional – diwakili oleh Amerika Serikat – terhadap kebijakan Indonesia merespon terorisme di era reformasi. Dua aspek utama dalam kontra-terorisme menjadi pembatas dari perhatian internasional ini, yaitu aspek efektivitas kontra-terorisme dan aspek kepatuhan kepada nilai-nilai Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM). Karena kebutuhannya untuk melakukan sekuritisasi terhadap isu terorisme terjadi pada era demokrasi, pemerintah Indonesia harus mengadopsi nilai-nilai HAM dalam meyakini public dan dunia internasional. Tetapi penggunaan nilai HAM tidak dilakukan untuk memastikan terjaganya pemenuhan HAM, melainkan untuk menjustifikasikan tindakan-tindakan eksepsional dalam kontra-terorisme. Selanjutnya kerjasama dengan Amerika Serikat memfasilitasi terjadinya penguatan kapabilitas koersif kontra-terorisme dalam wujud lembaga criminal justice system yang berkapasitas khusus dalam bidang ini. Ketiadaan tekanan untuk secara serius mempertimbangkan perlindungan HAM dalam kontra-terorisme merupakan salah satu contributor dari rendahnya manifestasi institusional dari kontra-terorisme Indonesia yang ditandai dengan ketiadaan dokumen formal yang secara eksplisit mengartikulasikan strategi (tujuan, ukuran pencapaian dan instrument) kontra-terorisme sehingga kebijakan kontra-terorisme Indonesia pun absen akan evaluasi. Sementara itu bantuan langsung kepada kepolisian dan militer Indonesia juga membuat pemerintah – eksekutif maupun legislative – memberikan otoritas eksepsional kepada aparat keamanan tanpa mekanisme akuntabilitas dalam pelaksanaannya.

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