Abstract
Energy security concept is contextual and understood in different ways in different context. This paper examines the development of the literatures of energy security. Using chronological method of organization, this paper classifies the literatures into three different periods: 1970-1990, 2000-2010, and post-2010. From this classification, it is found that there is a proliferation of themes in the definition of energy security concept. The concept has expanded from what was initially limited to availability and affordable price, to include themes such as infrastructures, environment, social impacts, efficiency, governance and public policy. This raises a debate as to whether the energy security concept need to be broadened to accomodate the emergence of new challenges or to remain limited in definition so that it would not lose its meaning. This paper then further argues that the definition of energy security should be attached to the definition of security as, “survival in the face of existential threat,” so that security concept itself would be able to retain its focus. Taking a contextual perspective and conceptual variation over time, this paper aims to present a theoretical debate on how energy is understood as a security issue and to serve as a reference for energy policy making.
Bahasa Abstract
Konsep keamanan energi bersifat kontekstual dan dapat memiliki makna yang berbeda dalam konteks yang berbeda. Terkait dengan hal tersebut, tulisan ini berusaha mengkaji perkembangan literatur mengenai konsep keamanan energi dari waktu ke waktu. Tulisan ini kemudian akan mengelompokkan literatur-literatur tersebut dengan menggunakan metode kronologi ke dalam tiga periode berbeda, yaitu periode 1970-1990, periode 2000-2010 dan periode pasca 2010. Dari pengelompokkan tersebut, terlihat bahwa terjadi perluasan tema dalam definisi konsep keamanan energi yang awalnya terkait dengan tema ketersediaan dan harga menjadi mencakup tema infrastruktur, lingkungan, dampak sosial, efisiensi, tata kelola dan kebijakan publik, dan sebagainya. Hal ini kemudian menimbulkan perdebatan mengenai apakah konsep keamanan energi perlu diperluas untuk mengakomodasi munculnya tantangan-tantangan baru atau tetap dibatasi agar keamanan tidak kehilangan maknanya. Penulis berargumen bahwa pendefinisan keamanan energi harus tetap dilekatkan dengan definisi keamanan, “survival in the face of existential threat,”agar konsep keamanan itu sendiri tidak kehilangan fokusnya. Dengan menggunakan perspektif kontekstual dan variasi konseptual dari waktu ke waktu, tulisan ini diharapkan dapat menghadirkan perdebatan teoretis mengenai bagaimana isu energi dapat menjadi isu keamanan serta memberikan kontribusi berupa pemetaan konsep keamanan energi sebagai referensi untuk pengambilan kebijakan energi.
References
Aggestam, K. (2015). Desecuritization of Water and the Technocratic Turn in Peacebuilding. International Environmental Agreement: Politics, Law and Economics, 15(3), 327-340.
Bielecki, J. (2002). Energy Security: Is The Wolf at The Door? The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 42(2), 235-250.
Bradshaw, M. J. (2010). Global Energy Dilemmas: A Geographical Perspective. The Geographical Journal, 176(4), 275-290.
Bridge, G. (2015). Energy (in)security: world-making in an age of scarcity 181, no. 4, (2015). The Geographical Journal, 181(4), 328-339.
Buzan, B. (1991). People, States & Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies In The Post-Cold War Era. London: Harvester Wheatshaf.
Buzan, B., Wæver, O., & De Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework For Analysis. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Campbell, D. (2005). The Biopolitics of Security: Oil, Empire, and the Sports Utility Vehicle. American Quarterly, 57(3), 943-972.
Cherp, A., & Jewell, J. (2012). The Three Perspectives on Energy Security: Intellectual History, Disciplinary Roots and the Potential for Integration. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 3(4), 202-212.
Choi, H. J. (2009). Fueling crisis or cooperation? The geopolitics of energy security in Northeast Asia. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 36(1), 3-28.
Chung, W.-S., Kim, S.-S., Moon, K.-H., Lim, C.-Y., & Yun, S.-W. (2017). A Conceptual Framework for Energy Security Evaluation of Power Sources in South Korea. Energy, 137, 1066-1074.
Ciută, F. (2010). Conceptual Notes on Energy Security: Total or Banal Security? Security Dialogue, 41(2), 123-144.
Deese, D. A. (1979). Energy: Economics, Politics, and Security. International Security, 4(3), 140-153.
Deudney, D. (1990). The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation and National Security. Millennium, 19(3), 461-476.
Downs, E. S. (2004). The Chinese Energy Security Debate. The China Quarterly, 177, 21-41.
Dyer, H., & Trombetta, M. J. (2013). The Concept of Energy Security: Broadening, Deepening, Transforming. Dalam H. Dyer, & M. J. Trombetta, International Handbook of Energy Security (hal. 1-16). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Fermann, G. (2014). What is Strategic about Energy? De-simplifying Energy Security. Dalam E. Moe, & P. Midford, The Political Economy of Renewable Energy and Energy Security: Common Challenges and National Responses in Japan, China and Northern Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Florini, A., & Sovacool, B. K. (2011). Bridging the Gaps in Global Energy Governance. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 17(1), 57-74.
Goldthau, A. (2012). A Public Policy Perspective on Global Energy Security. International Studies Perspectives, 13(1), 65-84.
International Energy Agency. (2015, Mei 20). Indonesia – Association country. Dipetik Mei 2017, 2017, dari International Energy Agency: https://www.iea.org/countries/non-membercountries/indonesia/
Jones, J. L. (2007). Energy as Security Imperatives. International Workshop on Global Securities. Paris: Center for Strategic Decision Research. doi:http://www.csdr.org/2007/book/jones27.htm
Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S. I. (2010). The United Nations and global energy governance: past challenges, future choices. Global Change, Peace & Security, 22(2), 175-195.
Keliat, M. (2011). Security and Democracy in Indonesia: The Need to Strike a Balance. The Indonesian Quarterly, 39(2), 197-216.
Keliat, M. (2012, Mei 10). Keamanan Energi Indonesia. Kompas.
Klare, M. (2002). Resource wars: the New Landscape of Global Conflict. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
Koknar, A. M. (2009). The Epidemic of Energy Terrorism. Dalam G. Luft, & A. Korin, Energy Security Challenges for the 21st Century (hal. 18-30). Santa Barbara: Praeger Security International.
Kuik, O. J., Lima, M. B., & Gupta, J. (2011). Energy Security in the Developing World. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 2, 627-635.
Kurniawan, Y. (Forthcoming 2018). The Politics of Securitization in Democratic Indonesia. Springer International Publishing.
Kuzemko, C. (2014). Politicising UK Energy: What'speaking Energy Security'can Do. Policy & Politics, 42(2), 259-274.
Lesbirel, S. H. (2004). Diversification and Energy Security Risks: the Japanese Case. Japanese Journal of Political Science, 5(1), 1-22.
Lombardi, P., & Gruenig, M. (2016). Low-carbon Energy Security from a European Perspective. London: Academic Press.
Luft, G., & Korin, A. (2004). Terrorism Goes to Sea. Foreign Afairs, 83(6), 61.
Makarenko, T. (2003). Terrorist Threat to Energy Infrastructure Increases. Jane's Intelligence Review, 15(6), 8-13.
Mayer, M., & Schouten, P. (2012). Energy Security and Climate Security under Conditions of the Anthropocene. Dalam L. Anceschi, & J. Symons, Energy Security in the Era of Climate Change: The Asia-Pacific Experience (hal. 13-35). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mulligan, S. (2010). Energy, Environment, and Security: Critical Links in a Post-Peak World. Global Environmental Politics, 10(4), 79-100.
Narula, K., Reddy, B. S., Pachauri, S., & Dev, S. M. (2017). Sustainable Energy Security for India: An Assessment of the Energy Supply Sub-system. Energy Policy, 103, 127-144.
Ozturk, I. (2013). Energy Dependency and Energy Security: the Role of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Sources. The Pakistan Development Review, 52(4), 309-330.
Pant, G. (2007). Energy Security in Asia: the Necessity of Interdependence. Strategic Analysis, 31(3), 523-542.
Prasetyono, E. (2008). Energy Security: an Indonesian Perspective. Dalam A. Marquina, Energy Security: Visions From Europe and Asia (hal. 214-217). New York: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Radovanović, M., Filipović, S., & Pavlović, D. (2017). Energy Security Measurement–A Sustainable Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68(2), 1020-1032.
Rosenberg, E. (2014, Februari 6). Energy Rush: Shale Production and US National Security. Diambil kembali dari Center for New American Society: http://www.ourenergypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Shale-Production.pdf
Simpson, A. (2007). The Environment – Energy Security Nexus: Critical Analysis of an Energy 'Love Triangle' in Southeast Asia. Third World Quarterly, 28(3), 539-554.
Singh, M. (2010, Oktober 22). PM’s Valedictory Address at the Seminar on the Occasion of Golden Jubilee of National Defence College. Dipetik Maret 8, 2017, dari Prime Minister’s Office, Press Information Bureau,: http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=66514
Sovacool, B. K., & Brown, M. A. (2010). Competing Dimensions of Energy Security: An International Perspective. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 35, 77-108.
Vivoda, V. (2010). Evaluating Energy Security in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Novel Methodological Approach. Energy Policy, 38(9), 5258-5263.
Walt, S. M. (1991). The Renaissance of Security Studies. International Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 211-239.
Wionczek, M. S. (1983). Energy and International Security in the 1980s: Realities or Misperceptions? Third World Quarterly, 5(4), 839-847.
Recommended Citation
Ramadhani, Arshie
(2017)
"Evolusi Konsep Keamanan Energi,"
Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional: Vol. 19:
No.
2, Pp. 98-120.
DOI: 10.7454/global.v19i2.307
Available at:
https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/global/vol19/iss2/2
Included in
Defense and Security Studies Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, Law Commons, Political Theory Commons