"How Millennials Make Investment Decisions: Financial Literacy and Fina" by Dewi Tamara and Anita Maharani
  •  
  •  
 

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of financial literacy, financial attitude, risk perception, and financial behavior on investment decisions. Employing a survey method with 342 respondents in Jakarta, the findings reveal that financial literacy has a negative and insignificant effect on investment decisions. In contrast, risk perception plays a crucial role in influencing investment decisions. Furthermore, financial behavior has an indirect mediating effect between financial literacy and risk perception on investment decisions but does not affect financial attitude. This study concludes that risk perception and financial behavior are important factors in investment decisions. Future research may consider incorporating other variables such as herding behavior or overconfidence.

References

[1] Ab Hamid, MR, Sami, W, & Sidek, MM 2017, ’Discriminant validity assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT criterion’, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 890, p. 012163. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163.

[2] Ackert, LF, Church, BK, & Deaves, R 2003, ‘Emotion and financial markets’, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review, vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 33-41.

[3] Aini, NSN, & Lutfi, L 2018, ‘The influence of risk perception, risk tolerance, overconfidence, and loss aversion towards investment decision making’, Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy Ventura, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 401-413. doi: https://doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v21i3.1663.

[4] Ajzen, I 1991, ‘The theory of planned behavior’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 179-211. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T.

[5] Alquraan, T, Alqisie, A, & Al Shorafa, A 2016, ‘Do behavioral finance factors influence stock investment decisions of individual investors? (Evidences from Saudi Stock market)’, Journal of American Science, vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 72-82. doi:10.7537/marsjas120916.12.

[6] Amisi, S 2012, The effect of financial literacy on investment decision making by pension fund managers in Kenya (Masters thesis, School of Business University of Nairobi). viewed 5 February 2024, https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/ handle/11295/12563.

[7] Aren, S, & Zengin, AN 2016, ‘Influence of financial literacy and risk perception on choice of investment’, Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 235, pp. 656-663. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.11.047.

[8] Atkinson, A, & Messy, FA 2012, ‘Measuring financial literacy: Results of the OECD/International Network on Financial Education (INFE) pilot study’, OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, 15, OECD Publishing. doi: https://doi.org/10.1787/5k9csfs90fr4-en.

[9] Awuni, M 2019, ‘Robo-advisory: The new paradigm in asset management or a millennial fad?’, International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 21515-21524. doi: https://doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr.v10i05.701.

[10] Banerjee, A 2017, May 24, Financial awareness and financial inclusion, Presentation, Durham University Business School.

[11] Bekiros, S, Jlassi, M, Lucey, B, Naoui, K, & Uddin, GS 2017, ‘Herding behavior, market sentiment and volatility: Will the bubble resume?’, The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, vol. 42, pp. 107-131. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2017.07.005.

[12] Bhushan, P, & Medury, Y 2014, ‘An empirical analysis of inter linkages between financial attitudes, financial behaviour and financial knowledge of salaried individuals’, Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 58-64.

[13] Caviezel, V, Gambirasi, S, & Lozza, SO 2012, ‘Risk profile using PCM and RSM’, Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 327-332. doi: 10.1285/i20705948v5n3p327.

[14] Chandra, A 2008, ‘Decision making in the stock market: Incorporating psychology in finance’, Conference Proceedings: National Conference on Forecasting Financial Markets of India 2008 IIT Kharagpur (pp. 461-483).

[15] Chinen, K & Endo, H 2012, ‘Effects of attitude and background on students’ personal financial ability: A United States survey’, International Journal of Management, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 778-791.

[16] Cho, J, & Lee, J 2006, ‘An integrated model of risk and risk-reducing strategies’, Journal of Business Research, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 112-120. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2005.03.006.

[17] Chu, Z, Wang, Z, Xiao, JJ, & Zhang, W 2017, Financial literacy, portfolio choice and financial well-being’, Social Indicators Research, vol. 132, pp. 799-820. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1309-2.

[18] Cohen, J 1988, Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Edition), Routledge.

[19] De Bortoli, D, da Costa Jr, N, Goulart, M, & Campara, J 2019, ‘Personality traits and investor profile analysis: A behavioral finance study’, PLoS ONE, vol. 14, no. 3, p. e0214062. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214062.

[20] Dew, J, & Xiao, JJ 2011, ‘The financial management behavior scale: Development and validation’, Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 43-59.

[21] Dhar, P, & Ghosh, K 2014, ‘An empirical study of the underlying factors that determine the investment decisions of individual investors in India’, ZENITH International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 19-43.

[22] Diacon, S, & Ennew, C 2001, ‘Consumer perceptions of financial risk’, The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 389-409. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41952582.

[23] Elam, C, Stratton, T & Gibson, DD 2007, ‘Welcoming a new generation to college: The millennial students’, Journal of College Admission, vol. 195, pp. 20-25.

[24] Farooq, A, & Sajid, M 2015, ‘Factors affecting investment decision making: Evidence from equity fund managers and individual investors in Pakistan’, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 135-141.

[25] Fronstin, P, & Dretzka, E 2018, ‘Consumer engagement in health care among millennials, baby boomers, and generation x: Findings from the 2017 consumer engagement in health care survey’, EBRI Issue Brief, 444, Employee Benefit Research Institute. viewed 5 February 2024, https: //www.ebri.org/docs/default-source/pbriefs/ebri_ib_444_millennialhealthcare-5mar18.pdf?sfvrsn=3f35342f_4.

[26] Frydman, C, & Camerer, CF 2016, ‘The psychology and neuroscience of financial decision making’, Trends in Cognitive Science, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 661-675. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.07.003.

[27] Gunawan, V, Dewi, VI, Iskandarsyah T, & Hasyim, I 2021, ‘Women’s financial literacy: Perceived financial knowledge and its impact on money management’, Economics and Finance in Indonesia, vol. 67, no. 1, pp. 63-74.

[28] Hair, J, & Alamer, A 2022, ‘Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in second language and education research: Guidelines using an applied example’, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics, vol. 1, no. 3, p. 100027. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmal.2022.100027.

[29] Hair, JF, Sarstedt, M, Hopkins, L, & Kuppelweiser, VG 2014, ‘Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research’, European Business Review, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 106-121. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128.

[30] Hair Jr, JF, Hult, GTM, Ringle, CM, Sarstedt, M, Danks, NP, & Ray, S 2021, Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook, Springer Nature.

[31] Halim, YKE, & Astuti, D 2015, ‘Financial stressors, financial behavior, risk tolerance, financial solvency, financial knowledge, dan keputusan finansial’, Jurnal Finesta, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19-23.

[32] Hayhoe, CR, Leach, L, & Turner, PR 1999, ‘Discriminating the number of credit cards held by college students using credit and money attitudes’, Journal of Economic Psychology, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 643-565. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(99)00028-8.

[33] Hoffmann, AO, Post, T, & Pennings, JME 2013, ‘Individual investor perceptions and behavior during the financial crisis’, Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 60-74. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.08.007.

[34] Holzmeister, F, Huber, J, Kirchler, M, Lindner, F, Weitzel, U, & Zeisberger, S 2020, ‘What drives risk perception? A global survey with financial professionals and laypeople’, Management Science, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 3977-4002. doi: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2019.3526.

[35] Huang, J, Nam, Y, & Sherraden, MS 2012, ‘Financial knowledge and child development account policy: A test of financial capability’, Journal of Consumer Affairs, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 1-26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12000.

[36] Hussain, J, Salia, S, & Karim, A 2018, ‘Is knowledge that powerful? Financial literacy and access to finance: An analysis of enterprises in the UK’, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 985- 1003. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JSBED-01-2018-0021.

[37] Kahneman, D, & Tversky, A 1979, ‘Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk’, Econometrica, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 263-292. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/1914185.

[38] Kalmi, P, & Rahko, J 2022, ‘The effects of game-based financial education: New survey evidence from lowersecondary school students in Finland’, The Journal of Economic Education, vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 109-125. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220485.2022.2038320.

[39] Kefela, GT 2010, ‘Promoting access to finance by empowering consumers - Financial literacy in developing countries’, Educational Research and Reviews, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 205-212. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR.9000268.

[40] Kim, KT, Anderson, SG, & Seay, MC 2019, ‘Financial knowledge and short-term and long-term financial behaviors of millennials in the United States’, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, vol. 40, pp. 194-208. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-018-9595-2.

[41] Kumar, S, & Goyal, N 2016, ‘Evidence on rationality and behavioural biases in investment decision making’, Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 270- 287. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-05-2016-0016.

[42] Kumar, P, Islam, MA, Pillai, R, & Tabash, MI 2024, ’Risk perception-perceived investor performance nexus: Evaluating the mediating effects of heuristics and prospects with gender as a moderator’, SAGE Open, vol. 14, no. 2, p .21582440241256444. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241256444.

[43] Kumari, A, Goyal, R, & Kumar, S 2022, ‘Review on behavioral factors and individual investors psychology towards investment decision making’, ECS Transactions, vol. 107, no. 1, p. 8009. doi: 10.1149/10701.8009ecst.

[44] Kunaifi, A, & Akbar, ANF 2019, ‘Financial knowledge and millennials investing behaviors in Indonesia’, Jurnal Social Humaniora, special edition, pp. 26-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v0i01.5768.

[45] Lenard, MJ, Akhter, SH & Alam, P 2003, Mapping mutual fund investor characteristics and modeling switching behavior, Financial Services Review, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 39-59.

[46] Lestari, W 2013, ‘Religiusitas dan persepsi risiko dalam pengambilan keputusan investasi pada perspektif gender’, Journal of Business & Banking, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 189-200. doi: https://doi.org/10.14414/jbb.v3i2.236.

[47] Lestari, W & Iramani, RI 2013, ‘Persepsi risiko dan kecenderungan risiko investor individu’, Jurnal Keuangan dan Perbankan, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 78-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v17i1.728.

[48] Lusardi, A 2015, ‘Financial literacy: Do people know the ABCs of finance?’, Public Understanding of Science, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 260-271. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662514564516.

[49] Lusardi, A, & Mitchell, OS 2011a, ‘Financial literacy and retirement planning in the United States’, NBER Working Paper, 17108, National Bureau of Economic Research. doi: 10.3386/w17108.

[50] Lusardi, A, & Mitchell, OS 2011b, ‘Financial literacy around the world: An overview’, Journal of Pension Economics & Finance, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 497-508. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747211000448.

[51] Lusardi, A & Mitchell, OS 2014, ‘The economic importance of financial literacy: Theory and evidence’, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 5-44. doi: 10.1257/jel.52.1.5.

[52] Martalena, M, & Malinda, M 2011, Pengantar pasar modal: Didesain untuk mempelajari pasar modal dengan mudah dan praktis (edisi 1), Andi.

[53] Mien, NTN, & Thao, TP 2015, ‘Factors affecting personal financial management behaviors: Evidence from Vietnam’, Proceedings of the Second Asia-Pacific conference on global business, economics, finance and social sciences (AP15Vietnam conference), pp. 1-16.

[54] Nareswari, N, Balqista, AS, & Negoro, NP 2021, ‘The impact of behavioral aspects on investment decision making’, Jurnal Manajemen dan Keuangan, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 15-27. doi: https://doi.org/10.33059/jmk.v10i1.3125.

[55] Nguyen, TAN, Rózsa, Z, Belás, J, & Belásová, L’ 2017, ‘The effects of perceived and actual financial knowledge on regular personal savings: Case of Vietnam’, Journal of International Studies, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 278-291. doi: https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2017/10-2/19.

[56] Nidar, SR, & Bestari, S 2012, ‘Personal financial literacy among university students (Case study at Padjadjaran University students, Bandung, Indonesia)’, World Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 162-171.

[57] OECD 2022, OECD/INFE toolkit for measuring financial literacy and financial inclusion 2022, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. viewed 5 February 2024, https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-infe-toolkit-for-measuring-financial-literacy-andfinancial- inclusion-2022_cbc4114f-en.html.

[58] OJK 2020, August 31, Publikasi materi digital finance innovation road map dan action plan 2020-2024 serta digital financial literacy, Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. viewed 5 February 2024, https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/publikasi/Pages/ Publikasi-Materi-Digital-Finance-Innovation-Road-Mapdan-Action-Plan-2020-2024-serta-Digital-Financial-Literacy.aspx.

[59] OJK 2021, December 19, Strategi Nasional Literasi Keuangan Indonesia (SNLKI) 2021 - 2025, Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. viewed 5 February 2024, https://ojk.go.id/id/berita-dan-kegiatan/publikasi/Pages/ Strategi-Nasional-Literasi-Keuangan-Indonesia-2021- 2025.aspx.

[60] Pankow, D 2003, Financial values, attitudes and goals, North Dakota State University (NDSU) Extension Circular.

[61] Pooja, D & Vidya, R 2022, ‘A study on the impact of behavioral biases on the investment pattern of Indian retail investors with a reference to millennial generation’, International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 499-504. doi: https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2022.3.8.17.

[62] Potocki, T, & Cierpial-Wolan, M 2019, ‘Factors shaping the financial capability of low-income consumers from rural regions of Poland’, International Journal of Consumer Studies, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 187-198. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12498.

[63] Potrich, ACG, Vieira, KM, & Mendes-Da-Silva, W 2016, ‘Development of a financial literacy model for university students’, Management Research Review, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 356-376. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/MMR-06-2014-0143.

[64] Prabowosunu, MA, Siregar, RY, Melati, R, Hadrian, D, & Ronaldo, RR 2024, ‘Identifying risk-taking behavior and prudent asset allocation in pension funds in Indonesia’, Economics and Finance in Indonesia, vol. 70, no 1, pp. 17-33.

[65] Pradana, RF, Saragih, FD, & Nugroho, BY 2021, ‘The influence of financial knowledge, financial attitude, and financial behavior on professional millennial’s financial investment choice’, In Mamat, M, Lien, CH, Vaidyanathan, S, Rong, H, Bon, AT, ..., & Saputra, J (eds.), Proceedings of the 1st Paris Van Java International Seminar on Health, Economics, Social Science and Humanities (PVJ-ISHESSH 2020) (pp. 20-25), Atlantis Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210304.005.

[66] Pradikasari, E, & Isbanah, Y 2018, ‘Pengaruh financial literacy, illusion of control, overconfidence, risk tolerance, dan risk perception terhadap keputusan investasi pada mahasiswa di Kota Surabaya’, Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, vol. 6, no. 4, pp.424-434.

[67] Puspitaningtyas, Z 2013, Perilaku investor dalam pengambilan keputusan investasi di pasar modal.

[68] Putra, R, Hin, J, Herawati, S, & Tamara, D 2021, ‘Financial literacy and risky investment decision making of millennials in Indonesia mediated by information search’, Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 695-705.

[69] Putri, NMDR, & Rahyuda, H 2017, ‘Pengaruh tingkat financial literacy dan faktor sosiodemografi terhadap perilaku keputusan investasi individu’, E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, vol. 6, no. 9, pp. 3407-3434. doi: https://doi.org/10.24843/EEB.2017.v06.i09.p09.

[70] Qureshi, SA, Rehman, KU, & Hunjra, AI 2012, ‘Factors affecting investment decision making of equity fund managers’, Wulfenia Journal, vol. 19, no. 10, pp. 280-291.

[71] Remund, DL 2010, ‘Financial literacy explicated: The case for a clearer definition in an increasingly complex economy’, Journal of Consumer Affairs, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 276-295. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2010.01169.x.

[72] Riaz, L, Hunjra, AI, & Azam, RI (2012) ‘Impact of psychological factors on investment decision making mediating by risk perception: A conceptual study’, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 789-795. doi: https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.mejsr.2012.12.6.1777.

[73] Robb, CA, & Woodyard, AS 2011, ‘Financial knowledge and best practice behavior’, Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 60-70.

[74] Rother, HA 2020, ‘Challenges in pesticide risk communication’, In Nriagu, J (ed.), Encyclopedia of environmental health (2nd edition, pp. 566-576), Elsevier B.V.

[75] Setiyawati, KE 2021, Pengaruh financial literacy, financial attitude, dan social demografi terhadap proses pengambilan keputusan investasi menghadapi masa pensiun (Studi pada karyawan di PT. Bank Muamalat Indonesia Tbk. Kantor Cabang Utama Kediri) (Sarjana Skripsi, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Brawijaya).

[76] Shkvarchuk, L, & Slav’yuk, R 2019, ‘The financial behavior of households in Ukraine’, Journal of Competitiveness, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 144-159. doi: https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2019.03.09.

[77] Singh, A 2022, ‘Factors affecting millennials’ perspective on investment decision behavior during the pandemic’, International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 2164-2172. doi: https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.03.11.01.

[78] Sorooshian, S, & Teck, TS 2014, ‘Spending behaviour of a case of Asian university students’, Asian Social Science, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 64-69. doi: https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n2p64.

[79] Sugiyanto, T, Radianto, WED, Efrata, TC, & Dewi, L 2019, ‘Financial literacy, financial attitude, and financial behavior of young pioneering business entrepreneurs’, In Shieh, C, Tichy, T, Dass, BK, & Auliandri, A (eds.), Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Organizational Innovation (ICOI 2019) (pp. 353-358), Atlantis Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.2991/icoi-19.2019.60.

[80] Sutrisno 2012, Manajemen keuangan: Teori, konsep, dan aplikasi, Ekonisia.

[81] Varchenko, OM, Artimonova, IV, Tkachenko, KV, & Varchenko, OO 2021, ‘Investor behavior patterns in the financial market’, Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture, no. 99, part 2, pp. 337-352. doi: https://doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2021-99-2-337-352.

[82] Verma, N 2016, ‘Impact of behavioral biases in investment decisions and strategies’, Journal of Management Research and Analysis, vol. 3, no.1, pp. 28-30.

[83] Wolfe-Hayes, MA 2010, ‘Financial literacy and education: An environmental scan’, The International Information & Library Review, vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 105-110. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10572317.2010.10762852.

[84] Woodyard, A 2013, ‘Measuring financial wellness’, Consumer Interests Annual, vol. 59.

[85] Wulandari, DA, & Iramani, R 2014, ‘Studi experienced regret, risk tolerance, overconfidance dan risk perception pada pengambilan keputusan investasi’, Journal of Business & Banking, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 55-66. doi: https://doi.org/10.14414/jbb.v4i1.293.

[86] Yang, J, & Qiu, W 2005, ‘A measure of risk and a decision-making model based on expected utility and entropy’, European Journal of Operational Research, vol. 164, no. 3, pp. 792-799. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2004.01.031.

[87] Yap, RJC, Komalasari, F, & Hadiansah, I 2018, ‘The effect of financial literacy and attitude on financial management behavior and satisfaction’, BISNIS & BIROKRASI: Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi dan Organisasi, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 140- 146. doi: https://doi.org/10.20476/jbb.v23i3.9175.

[88] Zahera, SA, & Bansal, R 2018, ‘Do investors exhibit behavioral biases in investment decision making? A systematic review’, Qualitative Research in Financial Markets, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 210-251. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRFM-04-2017-0028.

[89] Zupok, S 2022, ‘Investment risk assessment’, Globalization, the State and the Individual, vol. 30, no. 2. doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.2000.

Share

COinS