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Abstract

Background: Over the past decade, various studies have shown that the disease burden and health inequalities in urban areas are strongly influenced by structural factors such as poverty, housing quality, and the built environment, rather than individual behaviour alone. The integration of public health, community development, housing policy, and urban planning has become increasingly important to address neighbourhood distress and promote healthier and more equitable cities.

Aims: This study aims to systematically analyse international literature that examines the relationships between community development, housing environments, and health-oriented urban planning, and to map their contributions to the five levels of prevention in public health (primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).

Methods: This study employs a systematic literature review approach of articles discussing the integration of public health, community development, housing, and urban policy in urban contexts, namely Morello-Frosch (2014), Gómez (2018), Thorpe (2018), and Santamouris (2025).

Results: The findings show that interventions in housing environments and community development play a major role in primordial and primary prevention by improving basic environmental conditions, reducing risk factors, and supporting healthy behaviours. Interventions in public housing and community programmes also contribute to secondary and tertiary prevention by facilitating early detection, improving chronic disease management, and enhancing residents’ quality of life.

Conclusion: The integration of community development, housing policy, and health-sensitive urban planning represents an effective multilevel prevention strategy to improve urban public health. The findings emphasise that housing and spatial planning policies should be positioned as core instruments, rather than complementary elements, in healthy city strategies, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia.

Bahasa Abstract

Latar Belakang: Dalam satu dekade terakhir, berbagai kajian menunjukkan bahwa beban penyakit dan ketimpangan kesehatan masyarakat di kawasan perkotaan sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor struktural seperti kemiskinan, kualitas hunian, dan kondisi lingkungan binaan, bukan hanya perilaku individu. Integrasi antara kesehatan masyarakat, pengembangan komunitas, dan kebijakan perumahan serta perencanaan kota menjadi semakin penting untuk mengatasi distress lingkungan permukiman dan mendorong terwujudnya kota yang lebih sehat dan berkeadilan.

Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis secara sistematis literatur internasional yang membahas hubungan antara pengembangan komunitas, lingkungan hunian, dan perencanaan kota berorientasi kesehatan, serta memetakan kontribusinya terhadap lima tingkat pencegahan dalam kesehatan masyarakat (primordial, primer, sekunder, tersier, dan kuarter).

Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan systematic literature review terhadap artikel-artikel yang membahas integrasi kesehatan masyarakat, community development, perumahan, dan kebijakan kota di konteks perkotaan, yaitu Morello-Frosch (2014), Gómez (2018), Thorpe (2018), Santamouris (2025).

Hasil: Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa intervensi pada lingkungan hunian dan pengembangan komunitas berperan besar dalam pencegahan primordial dan primer melalui perbaikan kondisi dasar lingkungan, pengurangan faktor risiko, dan dukungan perilaku hidup sehat. Intervensi di perumahan publik dan program komunitas juga berkontribusi pada pencegahan sekunder dan tersier dengan mempermudah deteksi dini, pengelolaan penyakit kronis, serta peningkatan kualitas hidup penghuni.

Kesimpulan: Integrasi pengembangan komunitas, kebijakan perumahan, dan perencanaan kota yang sensitif terhadap kesehatan merupakan strategi pencegahan multilevel yang efektif untuk meningkatkan kesehatan masyarakat perkotaan. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa kebijakan perumahan dan tata ruang perlu diposisikan sebagai instrumen utama, bukan pelengkap, dalam strategi kota sehat, khususnya di negara berkembang seperti Indonesia.

References

Brown, A. F., Ma, G. X., Miranda, J., Eng, E., Castille, D., Brockie, T., … Trujillo, M. (2019). Structural interventions to reduce and eliminate health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 109(S1), S72–S78.

Gómez, M., Díez, J., & kawan-kawan. (2018). La incorporación de la salud comunitaria en la planificación y la transformación del entorno urbano. Informe SESPAS 2018. Gaceta Sanitaria, 32(Suppl 1), 40–46.

Leavell, H. R., & Clark, E. G. (1965). Preventive medicine for the doctor in his community. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Morello-Frosch, R., & Pastor, M. (2014). Integrating public health and community development to tackle neighborhood distress and promote well-being. Health Affairs, 33(11), 1890–1896.

Nurhasana, R. (2025). Lima Tingkat Pencegahan dalam Kesehatan Masyarakat [Bahan presentasi kuliah]. Sekolah Kajian Stratejik dan Global, Universitas Indonesia.

Santamouris, M., & kawan-kawan. (2025). (Judul artikel tentang efisiensi energi, kenyamanan termal, dan kesehatan penghuni dalam lingkungan terbangun). Sustainability, 17(16), artikel 7519.

Swope, C. B., & Hernández, D. (2019). Housing as a determinant of health equity: A conceptual model. Social Science & Medicine, 243, 112571.

Thorpe, R. J., & kawan-kawan. (2018). Changing the housing environment to reduce obesity in public housing residents. BMC Public Health, 18, Artikel 706.

World Health Organization. (2010). Our cities, our health, our future: Acting on social determinants for health equity in urban settings (Final report of the Urban Settings Knowledge Network). World Health Organization.

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