•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Arus Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTF) memicu kekhawatiran dunia, termasuk negara-negara di Asia Tenggara. Pada tahun 2017, Indonesia mengajukan inisiatif “Our Eyes” untuk menciptakan sebuah wadah bagi negara-negara ASEAN untuk bertukar informasi intelijen guna memberantas kegiatan terorisme transnasional. Inisiatif tersebut kemudian diubah menjadi “ASEAN Our Eyes” (AOE). Tetapi, beberapa tahun setelah dibentuknya inisiatif tersebut, terjadi peristiwa pengeboman gereja di Jolo, Filipina. Inisiden tersebut menunjukkan hambatan untuk mengimplementasikan inisiatif AOE. Pelaku diidentifikasi sebagai Warga Negara Indonesia yang berhasil masuk ke Filipina berkat bantuan jaringan teroris lokal di Filipina. Idealnya, inisiatif AOE dapat mencegah serangan tersebut. Artikel ini akan mendiskusikan dinamika domestik di Indonesia dan Filipina mengingat pentingnya memahami dinamika lokal nasional sebelum menilai efektivitas dari sebuah inisiatif di tingkat kawasan. Kajian ini menggunakan konsep resistansi birokrasi untuk memahami karakeristik dari organisasi intelijen di kedua negara. Tulisan ini mengidentifikasi potensi kebocoran informasi dan budaya patron-klien yang menghambat pertukaran informasi intelijen antar organisasi intelijen. Sulit untuk mengharapkan terciptanya sebuah pusat data intelijen terintegrasi di tingkat kawasan apabila proses pertukaran informasi tidak terjadi di tingkat nasional atau lokal.

Bahasa Abstract

The flow of Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTF) sparks concerns around the world, including Southeast Asian countries. In 2017, Indonesia proposed “Our Eyes” initiatives to create an intelligence-sharing platform among Southeast Asian countries to stave off the transnational terrorism. This initiative was later adopted as “ASEAN Our Eyes” (AOE). A few years later, however, the Jolo Church Bombing in the Philippines demonstrated the impediments to implementing the initiative. The perpetrators were identified as Indonesians who entered the Philippines through the assistance of local terrorist networks. Ideally, the initiative could have prevented the attack. This article will discuss the domestic dynamics in Indonesia and the Philippines since it is critical to understand the local dynamics in the region before assessing the effectiveness of regional initiatives. This study employs the concept of bureaucratic resistance to understand the nature of intelligence organisations in these two countries. It identifies the potential leakage of information and the perennial problem of patron-clientelism that hinder the relevant intelligence agencies in each country from sharing information with each other. We could not expect a well-integrated intelligence database in the region if the intelligence sharing between local agencies do not exist.

References

Adityawarman, A. C. (2019). Defense Cooperation Our Eyes: Facing Radicalism and Terrorism in the Southeast Asian Region. Wira: Media Informasi Kementerian Pertahanan.

Allison, G. T., & Halperin, M. H. (1972). Bureaucratic Politics: A Paradigm and Some Policy Implications. World Politics, 24, 40-79.

Anindya, C. R. 2019. The Deradicalisation Programme for Indonesian Deportees: A Vacuum in Coordination. Journal for Deradicalization, 217-243.

Anindya, C. R. 2020. The Philippine And Indonesian Militaries’ War On Covid-19, And What It Means For Reform. Pacific Forum. https://pacforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/20200415_PacNet_21.pdf

ASEAN Defence Minister Meeting. (2022). Calendar of Events. ASEAN Defence Minister Meeting. https://admm.asean.org/index.php/events/past-meetings-and-events.html

Banloi, R. C. (2009). Counterterrorism Measures in Southeast Asia: How Effective They Are? Manila: Yuchengo Centrer, De La Salle University.

Borelli, M. 2017. ASEAN Counter-terrorism Weaknesses. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analysis,9 (9), 14-20. Singapore: International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research.

Chamber, P. W. (2020). Cambodia: Armed Forces Under Personalized Control. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics.

Chow, J. T. (2005). ASEAN Counterterrorism Cooperation Since 9/11. University of California Press, 45(2), 302-321.

Emmers, R. (2009). Comprehensive security and resilience in Southeast Asia: ASEAN's approach to terrorism. Pacific Review, 22(2), 159-177.

Fägersten, B. (2010). Bureaucratic Resistance to International Intelligence Cooperation – The Case of Europol. Intelligence and National Security, 25(4), 500-520.

George, A. L., & Bennett, A. (2005). Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, Massachusetts: the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs.

Gripaldo, R. M. (2005). CULTURAL TRADITIONS, THE PERSON, AND CONTEMPORARY CHANGE: THE FILIPINO EXPERIENCE. In W. Sriwarakuel, M. B. Dy, J. Haryatmoko, N. T. Chuan, & C. Yiheang, Cultural traditions and contemporary challenges in Southeast Asia. Washington D.C: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy.

Hlaing, K. Y. (2007). The politics of state–society relations in Burma. South East Asia Research, 213-254.

Irwanto, D. W., Ramsey, P. L., & Ryan, J. C. (2011). Challenge of Leading in Javanese Culture. Asian Ethnicity, 12(2), 125-139.

Kyodo News. (2021). Major powers to welcome expansion of ASEAN security hotline. KyodoNews. https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2021/06/b691e1c32b14-major-powers-to-welcome-expansion-of-asean-security-hotline.html

Lefebvre, S. (2003). The Difficulties and Dilemmas of International Intelligence Cooperation. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, 16(4), 527-542.

Maras, M.-H. (2017). Overcoming the intelligence-sharing paradox: improving information sharing through change in organizational culture. Comparative Strategy, 36(3), 187-197.

Ockey, J. (2007). Thailand's 'Professional Soldiers' and Coup-making: The Coup of 2006. Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 19(1), 95-127.

Philippines News Agency. (2019, July 24). AFP data helpful in unmasking Indon terror couple in Jolo blast. Philippines News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1075891

Philippines News Agency. (2020, October 10). Suspected female Indonesian terrorist, 2 others nabbed in Sulu. Philippines News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118085 (accessed November 10, 2021)

Pye, L. W. (1999). Civility, Social Capital, and Civil Society: Three Powerful Concepts for Explaining Asia. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 29(4), 767-782.

Ramakrishna, K. (2009). Radical Pathways: Understanding Muslim Radicalization in Indonesia. London: Praeger Security International.

Rappler. (2019, January 29). Duterte says wife, husband suicide bombers behind Jolo bombing. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/duterte-says-wife-husband-suicide-bombers-behind-jolo-bombing

Rappler. (2020, October 10). Indonesian suicide bomber arrested in Jolo. Rappler. https://www.rappler.com/nation/indonesian-suicide-bomber-arrested-jolo

Reuters. (2018, January 25). Southeast Asian states launch intelligence pact to counter Islamist threat. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asia-intelligence-idUSKBN1FE163.

Reveron, D. S. (2006). Old Allies, New Friends: Intelligence-Sharing in the War on Terror. Orbis, 50(3), 453-468.

Ryacudu, R. (2020). Counterterrorism Intelligence Network. Singapore: Learning Press Pte Ltd.

Shiraishi, S. S. (1992). Young Heroes: The Family and School in New Order Indonesia. Doctoral Dissertation in Cornell University. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University.

Singh, D. (2003). ASEAN Counter-Terror Strategies and Cooperation: How Effective? In S. S. Tan, & K. Ramakrishna, After Bali: The Threat of Terrorism in Southeast Asia (p. 201-220). Singapore: Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies & World Scientific.

Tan, S. S. (2018). Sending in the Cavalry: The Growing Militarization of Counterterrorism in Southeast Asia. PRISM, 7(4), 138-147.

Tan, S. S., & Nasu, H. (2016). ASEAN and The Development of Counterterrorism Law and Policy in Southeast Asia. UNSW Law Journal, 39(3), 1219-1238.

Tan, S. S., & Ramakrishna, K. (2004). Interstate and Intrastate Dynamics in Southeast Asia's War on Terror. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 24(1), 91-105.

Tempo. (2019, February 5). Jolo Bombing: No Statement from Philippine Police about Indonesia. Tempo. https://en.tempo.co/read/1172368/jolo-bombing-no-statement-from-philippine-police-about-indonesia

The Jakarta Post. (2019, February 2). Jakarta Seeks Confirmation on Alleged Role of Indonesians in Jolo Attacks. The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/seasia/2019/02/02/jakarta-seeks-confirmation-on-alleged-role-of-indonesians-in-jolo-attacks.html.

The Philippines Star. (2019, February 2). DILG chief Eduardo Año: 'Indonesian suicide bombers behind attack'. The Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/02/02/1890156/dilg-chief-eduardo-ao-indonesian-suicide-bombers-behind-attack.

The Straits Times. (2017, October 24). Indonesia proposes 'mini-Interpol' plan to boost Asean counter-terrorism efforts. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/indonesia-proposes-mini-interpol-plan-to-boost-asean-counter-terrorism-efforts.

The Straits Times. (2021, September 5). The rise of familial extremism: Suicide bombings in Philippines, Indonesia linked to family in Malaysia. The Straits Times. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/the-rise-of-familial-extremism-suicide-bombings-in-philippines-indonesia-linked-to.

Vicentico E. Jr, Q. 2020. The AFP Intelligence Community's Role in the Fight Against Terrorism. Monterey,CA: Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive.

Villareal Jr., G. G. (2016). OPERATION EXODUS: THE MASSACRE OF 44 PHILIPPINE POLICE COMMANDOS IN MAMASAPANO CLASH. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School.

Walsh, J. I. (2010). The International Politics of Intelligence Sharing. New York: Columbia University Press.

Yusa, Z. (2018). Philippines military photos show children among ISIS foreign fighters killed in Marawi. The Defense Post. https://www.thedefensepost.com/2018/10/25/philippines-children-isis-foreign-fighters-marawi-photos/.

Download

Share

COinS