•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Due to a unique colonial history, Hong Kong today operates under the “One Country, Two Systems” framework. In the years immediately following the handover, it was generally thought that this was working quite well. In recent years, however, tensions have arisen within the “One Country, Two Systems” model, most notably including the 2014 Umbrella Movement, the imprisonment of student protesters and various notable incidents like the disappearance of five book publishers. This article aims to uncover how consistent the EU is in promoting democratic norms in its relations with the HKSAR. Using discourse analysis of relevant EU documents, the article explores two things. Firstly, to investigate whether these tensions lead to potential (in)consistencies between what the EU says and how it in fact acts regarding disputes between Hong Kong and China. Secondly, since a large part of EU discourse stresses the promotion of values and norms such as democracy, this article analyses the consistency of this discourse.

References

Andreatta, F. & L. Zambernardi (2017). The European Union as a Power. In: Ch. Hill, M. Smith & S. Vanhoonacker (Ed.). International Relations and the European Union. (pp. 73-93). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Andriukaitis, V. (2017, December 13). Speech by Commissioner Vytenis Andriukaitis on behalf of the High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini at the European Parliament plenary session on Hong Kong. Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/37272/speech-commissioner-vytenis-andriukaitis-behalf-high-representativevice- president-federica_en

Aydın-Düzgit, S. (2013). Critical discourse analysis in analysing European Union foreign policy: Prospects and challenges. Cooperation and Conflict, 49(3), 354-367.

Aydın-Düzgit, S. (2015). Social Constructivist and Discursive Approaches to European Foreign Policy. In Jørgensen, K., Aarstad, A., Drieskens, E., Laatikainen, K., & Tonra, B. (Ed.). The SAGE Handbook of European Foreign Policy. (pp. 148-175). Los Angeles: Sage reference.

Balme, R. (2008). The European Union, China and Human Rights. In Laidi, Z. (Ed.). EU Foreign Policy in a Globalized World: Normative power and social preferences. (pp.143-173). Routledge.

Basic Law (The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China). (1997). Accessible at: http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/index.html

Börzel, T. A. (2015). The noble west and the dirty rest? Western democracy promoters and illiberal regional powers. Democratization, 22(3), 519-535.

Burns, J. P. (2017). Special Issue on the second decade of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China: themes and overview. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 39(2), 79-82.

Caira, M. (2010). The EU-China Relationship: From Cooperation to Strategic Partnership. In Bindi F. (Ed.), The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World. (pp. 263 270). Brookings Institution Press.

Cameron, F. (2009). The Development of EU-China Relations. In Taneja, P., Wilson, J. F., & Wiessala, G. (Ed.). The European Union and China: Interests and Dilemmas. (pp.47-64). Amsterdam: Brill Academic Publishers.

Cano, C. (2017, May 9). Europe Day reception Hong Kong 2017 Speech. Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eu_day_2017_speech_carmen_cano.pdf

Chen, D., & Kinzelbach, K. (2015). Democracy promotion and China: blocker or bystander? Democratization, 22(3), 400-418.

Christiansen, T., Jørgensen, K.E. and Wiener, A. (1999). The social construction of Europe. Journal of European Public Policy, 6(4), 528–44.

Christiansen, T., Kirchner, E. & Murray, P. (2015). The Palgrave Handbook of EU-Asia relations. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Union, 26.10.2012, C326/47-390.

Council of the European Union. (2013). Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union on Article 23 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong. 11454/1/03 REV 1 (Presse 213). Council of the European Union.

Council of the European Union. (2007). Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union on the 10th anniversary of the Establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. 11263/07 (Presse 156). Council of the European Union.

De Gucht, V. (2012, February 16). EU-Asian Cooperation in an Era of Transformation speech. Retrieved from: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2012/february/tradoc_149130.pdf

Diez, T. (2014). Setting the limits: Discourse and EU foreign policy. Cooperation and Conflict, 49(3), 319-333.

European Commission. (1998). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 1998. COM/1999/039. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (1999). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 1999. COM/2000/04. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2000). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2000. COM(2001) 431. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2001). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2001. COM(2002) 450. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2002). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2002. COM(2003) 544. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2003). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2003. COM(2004) 414. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2004). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2004. COM(2005)308. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2005). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2005. COM(2006) 577. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2006). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2006. COM(2007) 341. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2007). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2007. COM(2008) 118. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2008). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2008. COM(2009) 99. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2009). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2009. COM(2010)242. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2010). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2010. COM(2011) 204. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2011). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2011. JOIN(2012) 11. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2012). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2012. JOIN(2013) 13. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2013). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2013. JOIN(2014) 18. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2014a). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2014. JOIN(2015) 12. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2014b). Press release: Situation in Hong Kong. Retrieved 24th March 2018 from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-14-718_en.htm

European Commission. (2015). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2015. JOIN(2016) 10. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2016a). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2016. JOIN(2017) 16. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2016b). Joint Communication to the European Parliament and the Council: Elements for a new EU strategy on China. JOIN(2016) 30. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (2016C). Press release: The European Union sets its sights high on ambitions with China. Retrieved from: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-

_en.htm

European Commission. (2017). Joint report to the European Parliament and the Council: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region: Annual Report 2017. JOIN(2018) 7. Brussels: European Commission.

European Commission. (n.d.). EEAS Hong Kong delegation website. Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/hong-kong_en

European External Action Service. (2018, January 29). Statement by the Spokesperson on the decision to bar Agnes Chow from running for a Legislative Council by-election. 180129_12.

European Parliament. (1998). Report on the communication from the Commission to the Council on the European Union and Hong Kong: Beyond 1997 (COM(97)0171 - C4-0214/97). European Parliament.

European Parliament. (2013). European Parliament resolution of 14 March 2013 on EU-China relations. (2012/2137(INI)). European Parliament.

European Parliament. (2017). European Parliament recommendation Hong Kong, 20 years after handover. P8_TA(2017)0495. European Parliament.

European Parliament. (2002, December 19). Article 23 (debate). European Parliament. Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=CRE&

reference=20021219&seconRef=ITEM-007&format=XML&language=EN

European Parliament. (2014, October 22). Situation in Hong Kong (debate). European Parliament. Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type =CRE&reference=20141022&secondRef=ITEM-013&format=XML&language=EN

European Parliament. (2017, December 12). Hong Kong, 20 years after the Handover (debate). European Parliament. Received from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc .do?type=CRE&reference=20171212&secondRef=ITEM018&format=XML& language=EN

Ferreira-Pereira, L. C. (2010). Human Rights, Peace, and Democracy: Is “Model Power Europe” a Contradiction in Terms? In Bindi F. (Ed.). The Foreign Policy of the European Union: Assessing Europe's Role in the World. (pp. 263-270). Brookings Institution Press.

Gee, J. P. (2011). How to do discourse analysis: A toolkit. New York: Routledge.

Geeraerts, G. (2015). EU-China Relations. In Christiansen, T., Kirchner, E. & Murray, P. (Ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of EU-Asia relations. (pp. 492-505). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Joint Declaration. (1984). Retrieved from: http://www.cmab.gov.hk/en/issues/jd2.htm

Lee, M. Y. (2017). Lawyers and Hong Kong’s democracy movement: from electoral politics to civil disobedience. Asian Journal of Political Science, 25(1), 89-108.

Lucarelli, S., & Manners, I. (2006). Values and principles in European Union Foreign Policy. London: Routledge.

Lucarelli, S. (2006). Introduction. In Lucarelli, S., & Manners, I. (Ed.). Values and Principles in European Union Foreign Policy. (pp. 1-18). London: Routledge.

Manners, I. Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms? Journal of Common Market Studies, 40(2). 235-258.

Ortmann, S. (2015). The Umbrella Movement and Hong Kong's Protracted Democratization Process. Asian Affairs, 46(1), 32-50.

Ortmann, S. (2016). Political Development in Hong Kong: The Failure of Democratization. Asian International Studies Review, 17(2), pp. 199-219.

Panebianco, S. (2006). Promoting human rights and democracy in European Union relations with Russia and China. In Lucarelli, S., & Manners, I. (Ed.). Values and Principles in European Union Foreign Policy. (pp. 130-146). London: Routledge.

Piket, V. (2016, May 9). Europe Day reception Hong Kong 2016 speech. Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/2389/europe-day-reception-

hong-kong-2016-speech-vincent-piket-head-eu-office-hong-kong-and-macao_en

Piket, V. (2015, October 27). EU and Hong Kong: building a green economy together speech. Retrieved from: https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/vp_baptist_university_speech_27_october_2015.pdf

Rees, N. (2009). EU-China Relations: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. In Taneja, P., Wilson, J. F., & Wiessala, G. (Ed.). The European Union and China: Interests and Dilemmas. (pp. 31-46). Amsterdam: Brill Academic Publishers.

Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Third edition. Los Angeles, Calif.: SAGE.

Shen, W. (2015). EU-China Relations on Human Rights In Competing Paradigms: Continuity and Change. In Christiansen, T., Kirchner, E. & Murray, P. (Ed.). The Palgrave Handbook of EU Asia relations. (pp. 165-180). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

Smith, K., & Light, M. (2001). Ethics and foreign policy (LSE monographs in international studies). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Smith, K. E. (2014). European Union foreign policy in a changing world. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.

Taneja, P., Wilson, J. F., & Wiessala, G. (2009). The European Union and China: Interests and Dilemmas. Amsterdam: Brill Academic Publishers.

Thomas, D. (2012). Still punching below its weight? Coherence and effectiveness in European Union Foreign Policy. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(3), 457-474.

Youngs, R. (2002). The European Union and the Promotion of Democracy. Oxford University Press.

Zhang, B. (2010). Beijing’s 2007 political reform plan and prospects for Hong Kong’s democratization. Democratization, 17(3), 442-464.

Share

COinS