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Abstract

Freight transport services cannot be separated from the infrastructure and facilities involved, each of which faces its own challenges in delivering optimal performance in the logistics sector. A common challenge in Indonesia’s road sector is the presence of overloaded freight vehicles, which has become a national issue. This phenomenon has a negative impact not only on road infrastructure but also on the environment and traffic. This study aims to develop a conceptual model of the external costs caused by truck overloading practices in terms of road infrastructure damage, increased exhaust emissions, and traffic congestion through a systematic literature review. This phenomenon is a global issue that has significant economic, environmental, and social impacts. The research method employed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach by analyzing 87 scientific articles from the Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases covering the period 2015–2024. The results of the study can be categorized into three main components: (1) to systematically review the isolated external costs associated with pavement damage, emissions, and congestion, (2) to quantify the interconnected relationships and multiplier effects between these variables, and (3) to propose an integrated conceptual causal-chain model that delineates the compounded external costs of ODOL operations. The conceptual model developed integrates these three cost components while taking into account factors such as axle load, road pavement conditions, traffic characteristics, and applicable regulations. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive framework for policymakers to calculate the total costs of overloading externalities and to design appropriate economic instruments for internalizing these external costs.

Bahasa Abstract

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan model konseptual biaya eksternalitas yang ditimbulkan oleh praktik truk overloading terhadap kerusakan infrastruktur jalan, peningkatan emisi gas buang, dan kemacetan lalu lintas melalui pendekatan systematic literature review. Fenomena ini merupakan permasalahan global yang menimbulkan dampak ekonomi, lingkungan, dan sosial yang signifikan. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) dengan menganalisis 87 artikel ilmiah dari database Scopus, Web of Science, dan Google Scholar periode 2015-2024. Hasil kajian dapat dikategorikan menjadi tiga komponen utama: (1) untuk secara sistematis meninjau biaya eksternal terisolasi yang terkait dengan kerusakan jalan, emisi, dan kemacetan , (2) untuk mengukur hubungan yang saling terkait dan efek pengganda antara variabel-variabel ini (3) untuk mengusulkan model rantai sebab-akibat konseptual terintegrasi yang menggambarkan biaya eksternal gabungan dari operasi ODOL. Model konseptual yang dikembangkan mengintegrasikan ketiga komponen biaya tersebut dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor seperti beban gandar, kondisi perkerasan jalan, karakteristik lalu lintas, dan regulasi yang berlaku. Temuan penelitian ini memberikan kerangka kerja komprehensif bagi pembuat kebijakan dalam menghitung total biaya eksternalitas overloading dan merancang instrumen ekonomi yang tepat untuk internalisasi biaya eksternal tersebut.

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