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Abstract

Surface runoff significantly contributes to environmental hazards such as floods in Indonesia, including in Borobudur District. Based on watershed delineation, the administrative area of Borobudur District is predominantly located within the Sileng Subwatershed. The rehabilitation zones managed by PT Adaro Indonesia are located in several specific areas within this subwatershed. This study utilizes the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model integrated with GIS (Geographic Information System) to simulate surface runoff quantitaively in the Sileng subwatershed, part of the Progo watershed in Central Java Province. SWAT is applied in this research to simulate surface runoff in both watershed and subwatershed contexts. As a physically based model, it must be calibrated and validated to align with observed hydrological data. While the study area itself is rural, it exerts hydrological influence over downstream regions that are undergoing urban development. The SWAT calibration process yielded good model performance (NSE 0.67, RSR 0.58), although validation performance was unsatisfactory (NSE -0.06, RSR 1.03). SWAT simulation on the subwatershed scale consists of 35 HRUs (hydrological respons units) areas, dominantly by mixed forest (FRST) cover with steep slope (>25-40 %) and very steep slope (>40%). Shrubs (PAST) represent the smallest land cover category, predominantly found on very steep slope (>40%). High annual surface runoff category is primarily associated with dryland seasonal crops (AGRR) and residential areas (URBN) on flat slope (≤8%) and gentle slope (>8–15%), covering an area of 499.47 hectares. In contrast, low annual surface runoff category is mostly observed in mixed forests (FRST) on very steep slope (>40%), with a total area of 694.81 hectares. The watershed rehabilitation areas managed by PT Adaro Indonesia are concentrated in zones with low to moderate surface runoff categories. This study offers novelty by integrating GIS-based SWAT modeling with urban flood resilience planning in Central Java.

Bahasa Abstract

Limpasan permukaan secara signifikan berkontribusi terhadap bahaya lingkungan seperti banjir di Indonesia, termasuk di Kecamatan Borobudur. Berdasarkan delimitasi daerah aliran sungai (DAS), wilayah administratif Kecamatan Borobudur sebagian besar terletak dalam Sub-DAS Sileng. Zona rehabilitasi yang dikelola oleh PT Adaro Indonesia berada di beberapa area spesifik dalam sub-DAS ini. Studi ini menggunakan model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) yang diintegrasikan dengan GIS (Sistem Informasi Geografis) untuk mensimulasikan limpasan permukaan secara kuantitatif di Sub-DAS Sileng, yang merupakan bagian dari DAS Progo di Provinsi Jawa Tengah. SWAT diterapkan dalam penelitian ini untuk mensimulasikan limpasan permukaan baik dalam konteks DAS maupun sub-DAS. Sebagai model berbasis fisik, SWAT perlu dikalibrasi dan divalidasi agar sesuai dengan data hidrologi observasi. Meskipun wilayah studi tergolong pedesaan, wilayah ini memiliki pengaruh hidrologis terhadap daerah hilir yang sedang mengalami perkembangan urban. Proses kalibrasi SWAT menunjukkan performa model yang baik (NSE 0,67; RSR 0,58), meskipun hasil validasinya kurang memuaskan (NSE -0,06; RSR 1,03). Simulasi SWAT pada skala sub-DAS terdiri dari 35 HRU (unit respons hidrologi), yang didominasi oleh tutupan hutan campuran (FRST) dengan kemiringan curam (>25–40%) dan sangat curam (>40%). Semak belukar (PAST) merupakan kategori tutupan lahan terkecil, yang umumnya ditemukan pada kemiringan sangat curam (>40%). Kategori limpasan permukaan tahunan tinggi terutama terkait dengan lahan pertanian musiman (AGRR) dan area permukiman (URBN) di lereng datar (≤8%) dan lereng landai (>8–15%), dengan total luas 499,47 hektare. Sebaliknya, kategori limpasan permukaan tahunan rendah sebagian besar ditemukan pada hutan campuran (FRST) di lereng sangat curam (>40%), dengan total luas 694,81 hektare. Area rehabilitasi DAS yang dikelola oleh PT Adaro Indonesia terkonsentrasi pada zona dengan kategori limpasan permukaan rendah hingga sedang. Penelitian ini menawarkan kebaruan dengan mengintegrasikan pemodelan SWAT berbasis GIS dengan perencanaan ketahanan banjir perkotaan di Jawa Tengah.

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