•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Poisoning is an event of human exposure to poisonous substances that are harmful to the body at certain doses. Lead is a heavy metal that can cause toxicity, including neurotoxic effects, hypertension, digestive system disorders, bone and tooth growth disorders, immune system disorders, infertility, and fetal disorders. Fish is a source of nutrients that are often consumed by people, however can also accumulate lead. This study aimed to analyze the lead level in fish and identify the community knowledge level regarding lead contamination in fish. Identification of community knowledge levels regarding lead. Identification of community knowledge levels regarding lead contamination in fish was conducted on three hundred respondents consisting of School of Pharmacy (SF) Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) one hundred students, one hundred community, and one hundred housewives. This study also analyzed lead levels in six fish samples using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS). As the result, SF ITB students had the highest level of knowledge in the definition of lead (97%), lead poisoning (98%), fish lead accumulation (75%), the poisoning effects of lead, and sources of lead. However, all of the respondents had a low level of knowledge regarding regulations about lead levels in fish. The lead levels analysis on fish showed that three out of six samples had lead levels that exceeded the limit of lead contamination (>0.2 g/kg). The study indicated that respondents’ knowledge regarding lead contamination in fish is still low and lead-contaminated fish is still being sold on the market.

References

Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2011). Cara uji kimia – bagian 5: Penentuan kadar logam berat timbal (Pb) dan kadmium (Cd) pada produk perikanan. Jakarta: BSN.

Cunningham E. (2012). What role does nutrition play in the prevention or treatment of childhood lead poisoning?. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 112(11), 1916.

de Souza, I. D., de Andrade, A. S., & Dalmolin, R. (2018). Lead-interacting proteins and their implication in lead poisoning. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 48(5), 375–386.

Egan, K. B., Tsai, R. J., & Chuke, S. O. (2019). Integrating childhood and adult blood lead surveillance to improve identification and intervention efforts. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 25(1), S98–S104. doi: 10.1097/PHH.0000000000000872.

Etchevers, A., Bretin, P., Lecoffre, C., Bidondo, M. L., Le Strat, Y., Glorennec, P., & Le Tertre, A. (2014). Blood lead levels and risk factors in young children in France, 2008-2009. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 217(4-5), 528–537. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.10.002.

Flora, G., Gupta, D., & Tiwari, A. (2012). Toxicity of lead: A review with recent updates. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 5(2), 47–58.

Fløtre, C. H., Varsi, K., Helm, T., Bolann, B., & Bjørke-Monsen, A. L. (2017). Predictors of mercury, lead, cadmium and antimony status in Norwegian never-pregnant women of fertile age. PLoS ONE, 12(12), e0189169.

Gao, Z., Cao, J., Yan, J., Wang, J., Cai, S., & Yan, C. (2017). Blood lead levels and risk factors among preschool children in a lead polluted area in Taizhou, China. BioMed Research International. doi: 10.1155/2017/4934198.

Gleason, K. M., Valeri, L., Shankar, A. H., Hasan, M. O., Quamruzzaman, Q., Rodrigues, E. G., Christiani, D. C., Wright, R. O., Bellinger, D. C., & Mazumdar, M. (2016). Stunting is associated with blood lead concentration among Bangladeshi children aged 2-3 years. Environmental Health : A Global Access Science Source, 15(1), 103. doi: 10.1186/s12940-016-0190-4.

Hauptman, M., Bruccoleri, R., & Woolf, A. D. (2017). An update on childhood lead poisoning. Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine, 18(3), 181–192. doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2017.07.010

Maret, W. (2017). The bioinorganic chemistry of lead in the context of its toxicity in lead: its effects on environment and health. Metal Ions in Life Science, 17(1), 1-20. doi: 10.1515/9783110434330-001.

Meyer P.A., Brown M.J., Falk H. (2008) Global approach to reducing lead exposure and poisoning. Mutation Research., 695(1-2), 166-175.

Mitra, P., Sharma, S., Purohit, P., & Sharma, P. (2017). Clinical and molecular aspects of lead toxicity: An update. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 54(7-8), 506–528. doi: 10.1080/10408363.2017.1408562.

Mozaffarian D., Rimm E.B. (2006). Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: Evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA, 296(15), 1885–1899. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.15.1885.

Pizzol, M., Thomsen, M., & Andersen, M. S. (2010). Long-term human exposure to lead from different media and intake pathways. The Science of the Total Environment, 408(22), 5478–5488. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.077.

Rajeshkumar, S., & Li, X. (2018). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fish species from the Meiliang Bay, Taihu Lake, China. Toxicology Reports, 5, 288–295.

Salami I.R.S., Rahmawati S., Sutarto R.I.H., Jaya P.M. (2008). Accumulation of heavy metals in freshwater fish in cage aquaculture at cirata reservoir, West Java, Indonesia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. doi: 10.1196/annals.1454.037.

Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55. doi: 10.5116/ijme.4dfb.8dfd

Zhao, S., Feng, C., Quan, W., Chen, X., Niu, J., & Shen, Z. (2012). Role of living environments in the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in fishes and crabs in the Yangtze River Estuary, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 64(6), 1163–1171. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.03.023.

Share

COinS
 
 

To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately,
you may Download the file to your hard drive.

NOTE: The latest versions of Adobe Reader do not support viewing PDF files within Firefox on Mac OS and if you are using a modern (Intel) Mac, there is no official plugin for viewing PDF files within the browser window.