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Abstract

The karst landscape of South Sulawesi served as the habitat of Toalean culture bearers, a Middle Holocene hunter-gatherer group active from 8,000 to 1,500 years ago, recognized through distinctive artefacts including Maros points, backed microliths, and osseous tools. This paper conducts an archaeological review of Toalean remains at Leang Panninge, Maros Regency, covering material culture, site stratigraphy and chronology, and population interactions within the Wallacean migration context, using a descriptive-analytical literature review approach. Findings reveal well-preserved Toalean cultural deposits spanning 9,400 to 1,500 years ago. The most significant discovery is the skeletal remains of a female individual aged 17–18 years, named Bessé, dated to approximately 7,200 cal BP. Palaeogenomic analysis indicates her lineage diverged from Papuan and Aboriginal Australian ancestors around 37,000 years ago, while carrying approximately 2.2% Denisovan ancestry. Interaction between Toalean and Austronesian populations is evidenced by the co-occurrence of artefacts from both traditions in the same archaeological contexts. These findings reinforce Wallacea's role as a complex zone of cultural interaction and genetic admixture in the prehistoric migration history of Island Southeast Asia.

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Bahasa Abstract

Kawasan karst Sulawesi Selatan menjadi habitat bagi Manusia pendukung budaya Toalean, kelompok pemburu-peramu Holosen Tengah,  sejak 8.000–1.500 tahun yang lalu. Dikenal sebagai techno-complex penghasil artefak khas seperti Maros point, mikrolit berpunggung, hingga artefak tulang. Tulisan ini bertujuan melakukan tinjauan arkeologis terhadap kerangka individu Toalean yang ditemukan di Leang Panninge, Kabupaten Maros, meliputi budaya material, stratigrafi dan kronologi situs, serta interaksi populasi dalam konteks migrasi di kawasan Wallacea. Menggunakan metode studi pustaka dengan pendekatan deskriptif-analitis melalui literature review naratif. Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan adanya lapisan endapan budaya Toalean di Leang Panninge yang terpelihara dengan baik, yang tersusun sejak 9.400–1.500 tahun lalu. Temuan kerangka individu perempuan berusia antara 17-18 tahun bernama Bessé yang diperkirakan  berasal dari 7.200 kalBP menjadi temuan paling signifikan. Analisis paleogenetika terhadap DNA Bessé menunjukkan garis keturunan yang memisahkan diri dari leluhur Papua dan Aboriginal Australia sekitar 37.000 tahun lalu, serta memiliki sekitar 2,2% ancestry Denisovan. Bukti interaksi populasi Toalean dengan pendatang Austronesia dapat diamati dari asosiasi artefak kedua budaya dalam konteks yang sama. Temuan ini memperkuat bukti bahwa kawasan Wallacea adalah titik temu dan interaksi budaya serta percampuran genetik yang kompleks dalam sejarah migrasi manusia purba di Asia Tenggara Kepulauan.

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