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Abstract

Unlawful Acts as regulated under Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) are a fundamental component of Indonesia's civil law system. These acts encompass not only violations of written laws but also transgressions against unwritten norms, moral standards, and subjective rights. One increasingly relevant form of unlawful act in the digital era is defamation, which constitutes an attack on an individual's honor or reputation in the public eye. Although defamation is not explicitly defined in the Civil Code or the Penal Code, relevant provisions can be found in Articles 1372–1380 of the Civil Code, Articles 310–320 of the Penal Code, and in the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law). In civil lawsuits for damages caused by defamation, Article 1372 is often invoked in conjunction with Article 1365. While this cumulative use has sparked debate among scholars and legal practitioners, this study concludes that the combined application of both articles is permissible, provided that the elements of unlawful acts are proven in a clear and systematic manner. Analysis of legal doctrines and case law, including Decision No. 257/Pdt/2021/PT BTN, reveals that Articles 1365 and 1372 are not contradictory but can instead complement each other to strengthen the plaintiff’s legal arguments. Therefore, a more directed legal interpretation through Supreme Court guidelines or consistent jurisprudence is necessary to clarify the scope and conditions of their use. Such clarification is essential to avoid misinterpretation in judicial practice and to ensure proportional legal protection for victims of defamation.

Bahasa Abstract

Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (PMH) sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata merupakan pilar penting dalam sistem Hukum Perdata Indonesia, yang mencakup tidak hanya pelanggaran terhadap hukum tertulis, tetapi juga terhadap norma kesusilaan, kepatutan, dan hak-hak subjektif. Salah satu bentuk PMH yang semakin relevan dalam era digital adalah pencemaran nama baik, yang pada dasarnya merupakan serangan terhadap kehormatan atau reputasi seseorang di hadapan publik. Meskipun tidak dijelaskan secara eksplisit dalam KUHPerdata maupun KUHP, tindakan penghinaan diatur secara normatif dalam Pasal 1372-1380 KUHPerdata, Pasal 310-320 KUHP, serta dalam ketentuan Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE). Dalam konteks gugatan perdata, Pasal 1372 KUHPerdata kerap digunakan secara bersamaan dengan Pasal 1365 untuk menuntut ganti rugi atas pencemaran nama baik. Meskipun pendekatan kumulatif ini menimbulkan perdebatan, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penggabungan kedua pasal tersebut dapat dibenarkan sepanjang unsur-unsur PMH dapat dibuktikan secara sistematis dan konsisten. Melalui analisis terhadap doktrin dan yurisprudensi, termasuk Putusan Nomor 257/Pdt/2021/PT BTN, ditemukan bahwa penggunaan Pasal 1365 dan 1372 tidaklah saling bertentangan, melainkan dapat saling melengkapi untuk memperkuat posisi hukum korban. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pedoman atau yurisprudensi tetap dari Mahkamah Agung untuk memperjelas batasan serta hubungan antara kedua pasal tersebut agar tidak menimbulkan multitafsir dan menjamin perlindungan hukum yang maksimal bagi korban pencemaran nama baik.

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