•  
  •  
 

Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional

Abstract

Since its indepence in 1945, Indonesia has encountered problems of relations between the regions and central government. The from of the state has changed from federalism in the revolutionary days to unitary state since 1950. This from of state has created many problems, the worst among them had been the sectarian and regional rebellions, be it south moluccas republic (RMS) in 1950. PRRI-permesta in 1958, darul islam in various propioncers since 1950 (in west java, sout and sop outh east Sulawesi), aceh, south Kalimantan and party of central java (Merapi merbabu complex rebellion).

In 1957, there was law number I which gave wide autonomy to proviences but it had created many problems. Therefore, president sukarno reinstituted centralization through presidential decree number 6 (1959) in which the power of central government was strengthened. Under the bew order of president Suharto, the centralization became stronger in which the president appointed governors, regents and mayors, the result was a strong economic development through which Indonesia was considered one of “asia miracle” with economic growth more than 7 precent annualy.

But the reformasi of 1998 has given back the region its power over the central government. Much funds have beened ibuted to the regions and since 2005, governors, mayors and regents have been dirtecly elected by the people, however, bad planning and corrupt leadership have affected the regions, for example, papua which has “special autonomy” status since 2001 has expericed famine a few months ago where many children have died. In this sences, regional autonomy must be followed by decent leadership good planning and control by the people. As president sukarno said, back in 1950, regional autonomy is a precondition for more development but there are other conditions as well to be fulfilled such as leadership planning and control by the people

References

Rupert Emerson,Malaysia : A. Study in direct and indirect, New York halaman l58. JS Furni vall,Nether lands, India : A Study of

Plural Econmy, New York 1941. George McT.Kahin, Nationalistm and Revolution in Indonesia,Cornell University Press, Ithaca,1952,khususnya

bab 2,halaman 58-60. Audey R. Kahin, Islam Nationalism

Domocrasy : A Political Biografy of Muhammad Natsir, National University of Singapore Press, Singapura,2012, khususnya bab 3 dan 4.

Untuk gerakan PRRI, Permesta, lihat IchlasuI Amal, Regional and Central Government in Indonesian Politics, West Sumatra and South Sulawesi, 1949-1979,Gajah Mada University Press,Yogyaiarta, 1992,

Lukman Hakiem(editor), M.Natsir Dipanggung Sejarah Republik,penerbit Republika,Jakarta, 2008.

Anak Agung Gede Agung, Dari Negara Indonesia Timur Republik Indoneia Serikat, UGM Press, Yogyakarta, 1985.

Selo Soemardjan, Social Changesin Yogyakarta Cornell University Press, Ithaca,1962.

Burhan Magenda, East Kalimantan The Decline of A Commercial Aristocracy, Cornell Publication, Ithaca,1991,khususnnya bab 2.

(Burhan Magenda) ten tang NusaTenggara Barat, dalam "The Survi ving Arisd tocracy in Indonesia: Politics in three Provincews of the Outer Islands" (disertasi PHD Cornell Univwersity,1989)

Henk Schulte Nordholt,The Spell of Power, A History of Bali nese olitics,1650- 1940,Leiden,KITLV Press,1996. Untuk studi Aceh,

Nazaruddin Sjamsuddin, Pemberontakan,ISBiS,Singapura; Damien

E-ISSN: 22620-7419

Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional, Vol. 1, No.1, 2018

Kingsbury,Peace in A Personal Account of the Helsinki Peace Process, Equinox,Singapura,2006.

biografi Gubernur pertama Sumatera, Mr.Teuku Mohd. Hasan,Gubernur Sumatera: Dari Aceh ke Pemersatu Bangsa,Penerbit Papas Sinar Sinanti,Jakarta,1999,terutama bab terahir(29).

Harold Crouch,ibid Juga ada studi lain tentang TNI seperti oleh Yahya Muhaimin, Ulf Sundhaussen,Salim Said, Tak~shi Siraishi dan juga penulis.Lihat artikel penulis, "Dinamika ABR1 dari Orde Baru ke Or de Reformasi",dalam buku Dedy N. Hidayat antara lain (editor) Pers dalam Revolusi Mei runtuhnya sebuah Hegemoni, Gramedia Jakarta 2000 halaman 82-100.

Heather Sutherland, terbentuknya Sebuah Elite Birokrasi, Sinar Harapan Jakarta,1983. Untuk studi mengenai Akademi Militer TNI(Akmil), lihat misalnya, Aris Miyati Nasution," Pembentukan Budaya Perwira TNI AD Bagi Taruna Akademi militer di Lembah Tidar, disertasi doktor antropolgi Fisip UI 2012 juga studi awal oleh Moehakardi di Magelang berjuang akabri darat 1983.

Casanova,Democracy in Mexico, Berkeley, 1972.

Pierre L.van den Berghe, Race and Racism; A Com Pametive Persepektif, Wiley, New York 1967.

Paul Baxter dkk(eds.), Race and Social Difference Penguin London,1972 .

Subandrio,Meluruskan Sejarah Perjuangan Irian Barat,Jakarta Yayasan Kepada Bangsak 2000( dengan penga ntar Dr.Ruslan Abdulgani, Masalah otonomi Papua dibahas oleh mantan Gubernurnya, Freddy Numberi,Qmeo Vadis Papua, Gramedia,Jakarta, 2013,halaman 185. Bernarda Meteray nasionalisme ganda orang Papua Papua, Kompas, Jakarta, 2012.

Sam Karaba dkk (eds). Papua menggugat, Galang Press 2002, diseertasi Ngadisah di

86

Fisip UI, konflik pembagunan dan gerakan sosial politik di Papua, Pustaka Raja Jogya 2003,

Agus Sumule (Ed) mencari jalan Tengah Otonomi khusus provinsi Papua, Gramedia 2003 John RG Djopari, pemberontakan Organisasi Papua Merdeka, Gramedia, 1993.

Ans Gregory da Irny, Dari Papua Meneropong Indonesia Gramedi 2009.

Syamsuddin Hariss (ed), Desentralisasi dan Otonomi Daerah, Demokratisasi dan akuntabilitas Pemerintahan Daerah, LIPI Press, Jakarta, 2002.

Bagir Manan, Hubungan Antara Pusat dan Daerah menurut UUD 1945, Sinar Harapan 1994 .

Brian Smith,Decenntrazation The (Territorial Dimention of the Statte, Allen and Unwin London 1985.

Agus Setiawan "Kompleksitas Pengelolaan Hutan Pasca Reformasi Studi dikabupaten Sintang Kalbar, draft disertasi doktor dibawah bimbingan penulis, FISIP UI, 2017.

Burhan Djabir Megenda, East Kalimantan The Decline of A Commercial Aristocracy,

E-ISSN: 22620-7419

Jurnal Kajian Stratejik Ketahanan Nasional, Vol. 1, No.1, 2018

Cornell Publication Uthaca,1991,

khususnya bab 6 tentang boom kayu. Proponen dari "Riau Merdeka" adalah Prof.Tabrani Rab,yang menulis buku, Menuju Riau Berdaulat,Riau Culrual

Institute,Pakanbaru,1999. David E.Apter, Political Religion in New

Nation dalam Geertz,Old Societies,

ibid,halaman 57-104. Lihat juga artikel Edward Shils,"On the Comparative Study of

the New States" Charles Lewis,The Buying of the the President

2004. Hafer, New York,2004. John Friedmann, Retraking America: A Theory

of Transactive planning doubleday NeW

York, terutama bab 8. Scott Donaldson, The Suburban

Myth,Columbia Press, New York,1971 Michael Reagan, The New Federalism,

Oxford, New York 1972. Graham smith (ed) Federalisme Pilihan

Masyarakat Majemuk, Jakarta,1999. Sukarno dibawah Bendera Revolusi halaman 119 dengan editor Mualiff Nasution Jakarta 1965. Kutipan dari satrawan Charles Dickens,dari bukunya,The Tale

of Two Cities,London 1970.

Share

COinS