Efek Aglomerasi di Indonesia : Komparasi Jawa dan Luar Jawa

Authors

Eggie Dwi Ananda Chaniago, Magister Perencanaan Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pembangunan, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas IndonesiaFollow
Muhammad Hanri, Magister Perencanaan Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Pembangunan, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Indonesia

Abstract

Population density and average city’s wages in Java are higher than outside Java. The literature shows that population density can increase the productivity of firms and workers, thereby increasing the level of wages in cities. In urban economics, agglomeration economies are defined as the benefits that come when firms and people locate near one another together in cities and industrial clusters. This study estimates the agglomeration effect in Java and outside Java cities by analyzing the relationship between population density and urban characteristics with wage levels. Previous studies have shown that population density is positively correlated to wage levels at the city level. However, wage analysis at the city level has the potential to be biased because instead of reflecting the agglomeration effect, the high level of wages in cities may be due to the large proportion of highly skilled workers. This study analyzes wages at the micro-level by including individual characteristics documented in the 2019 National Labor Force Survey to overcome the bias problem. The estimation method used in this study is Ordinary Least Square (OLS) with empirical specifications adopting the model of Combes et al. (2010), and the Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) estimation method is used with population density data in the past as an instrumental variable to overcome the endogeneity problem. This study found that population density is positively correlated with the city's wage level. However, the correlation is reduced by almost half when individual characteristics are included in the model, proving that the proportion of highly skilled workers strongly influences the high level of wages in the city.

Bahasa Abstract

Kepadatan penduduk dan rata-rata upah pada kota di Pulau Jawa lebih tinggi dibandingkan di luar Pulau Jawa. Literatur menyebutkan bahwa kepadatan penduduk dapat meningkatkan produktivitas perusahaan dan tenaga kerja sehingga mendorong tingkat upah di kota. Dalam studi ekonomi perkotaan, aglomerasi ekonomi didefinisikan sebagai manfaat yang tercipta saat perusahaan dan individu berdekatan satu sama lain dalam sebuah klaster industri atau pada sebuah kota. Penelitian ini mengestimasi efek aglomerasi pada kota di Pulau Jawa dan luar Pulau Jawa dengan cara menganalisis hubungan kepadatan penduduk dan karakteristik kota dengan tingkat upah. Studi terdahulu membuktikan bahwa kepadatan penduduk berhubungan positif dengan tingkat upah pada level kota. Namun, analisis upah pada level kota memiliki potensi bias karena alih-alih mencerminkan efek aglomerasi, tingginya tingkat upah di kota dapat disebabkan karena besarnya proporsi tenaga kerja berketerampilan tinggi. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini menganalisis upah pada level mikro dengan menyertakan karakteristik individu yang terdokumentasi pada Survei Angkatan Kerja Nasional Tahun 2019. Metode estimasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dengan spesifikasi empiris mengadopsi model Combes et al. (2010), dan untuk mengatasi permasalahan endogeneity digunakan metode estimasi Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) dengan data kepadatan penduduk di masa lalu sebagai instrumental variable. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kepadatan penduduk berkorelasi positif dengan tingkat upah kota. Namun, korelasi tersebut berkurang hampir separuhnya saat karakteristik individu disertakan ke dalam model. Hal tersebut membuktikan bahwa tingginya tingkat upah di kota sangat dipengaruhi oleh proporsi tenaga kerja berketerampilan tinggi.

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Recommended Citation

Chaniago, Eggie Dwi Ananda and Hanri, Muhammad (2021) "Efek Aglomerasi di Indonesia : Komparasi Jawa dan Luar Jawa," Jurnal Kebijakan Ekonomi: Vol. 16: No. 2, Article 9.
Available at: https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/jke/vol16/iss2/9