•  
  •  
 
Jurnal Kebijakan Ekonomi

Abstract

As technology alters the way organizations work, the need for labor adjustment which more adaptable to technological changes has risen in high digital intensive sectors. However, vocational graduates face difficulties regarding this situation as their vocational school failed to equip them with advanced technological skills. Based on signaling and human capital investment theory, this problem can be solved by increasing education and training. Using 2015 and 2018 Sakernas data and logit regression, the result shows that vocational engineering and technology graduates have the highest probability to work in HDI sectors. however, working in a HDI sector cannot be associated with a better type or a more decent job than other sectors. This refers to the second finding that shows graduates of engineering and technology vocational schools have a lower probability of working as a white-collar even working at HDI sectors. According to the last finding, vocational tertiary education has shown to increase the probability of working as white-collar in HDI sectors, therefore a level up in education is needed to increase wages and improve job positions.

Keywords: Vocational Education, Working Probability, High Digital Intensive Sectors

Bahasa Abstract

Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan berada pada posisi sulit akibat lambat merespon perubahan teknologi. Sementara itu, teknologi telah mengubah sifat pekerjaan dan mendorong peningkatan permintaan tenaga kerja yang adaptable terhadap perkembangan teknologi di sektor intensitas digital tinggi (SID Tinggi). Berdasarkan teori signaling dan investasi modal manusia, permasalahan tersebut dapat diselesaikan dengan meningkatkan pendidikan dan pelatihan. Menggunakan data Sakernas 2015 dan 2018, dan regresi logistik, hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa lulusan SMK teknik dan teknologi memiliki kecenderungan tertinggi untuk bekerja di SID tinggi. Namun bekerja di sektor tersebut tidak dapat diasosiasikan dengan jenis pekerjaan dan kesejahteraan yang lebih baik (decent job) dibandingkan sektor lain. Hal ini mengacu pada temuan kedua yang menunjukkan lulusan SMK teknik dan Teknologi mempunyai probabilitas yang lebih rendah untuk bekerja sebagai kerah putih di SID tinggi. Maka dari itu, untuk meningkatkan upah dan posisi pekerjaan, dibutuhkan peningkatan pendidikan, karena dalam temuan terakhir pendidikan tinggi vokasi terbukti dapat meningkatkan probabilitas untuk bekerja sebagai kerah putih di SID tinggi.

Kata Kunci: Pendidikan Vokasi, Probabilitas Kerja, Sektor Intensitas Digital Tinggi

References

Acemoglu, D. and Restrepo, P., (2017). Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets. NBER working paper, (w23285)

Asian Development Bank. (2018). Republic of Indonesia: Advanced Knowledge and Skills for Sustainable Growth Project.

Bahr, P.R., (2016). The Earnings of Community College Graduates in California. A CAPSEE Working Paper. Center for Analysis of Postsecondary Education and Employment

Bank Dunia. (2010). Technical and Vocational Education and Training in Indonesia

Becker, Gary S. (1964). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. New York, NY: National Bureau of Economic Research.

Booth, A.L. and Bryan, M.L., (2007). Who Pays for General Training in Private Sector Britain? in Aspects of Worker Well-Being (pp. 85-123). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Bover, O. and Gómez, R., (2004). Another Look at Unemployment Duration: Exit to A Permanent Vs. A Temporary Job. investigaciones económicas, 28(2), pp.285-314.

Boyle, G. and McCormack, P., (2002). Trade and Technological Explanations for Changes in Sectoral Labour Demand in OECD Economies. Applied Economics, 34(5), pp.617-635.

BPS. (2018). Data Pendidikan dan Upah Buruh BPS Sakernas

Brynjolfsson, E., McAfee, A. and Spence, M., (2014). New world order: labor, capital, and ideas in the power law economy. Foreign Affairs, 93(4), pp.44-53.

Calvino et al. (2018). A Taxonomy of Digital Intensive Sectors. OECS Science, technology, and industry working papers

Dauth, W., Findeisen, S., Südekum, J. and Woessner, N., (2017). German Robots-The Impact of Industrial Robots on Workers.

Davis, S.J. and Haltiwanger, J., (1999). Gross Job Flows. Handbook of labor economics, 3, pp.2711-2805.

Dolado, J.J., Felgueroso, F. and Jimeno, J.F., (2000). Youth Labour Markets in Spain: Education, Training, and Crowding-Out. European Economic Review, 44(4-6), pp.943-956

El-Hamidi, F., (2005). General or Vocational: Evidence on School Choice and Returns from Egypt. Topics in Middle Eastern and North African Economies, 7.

Forster, A.G., Bol, T. and Van de Werfhorst, H.G., (2016). Vocational Education and Employment Over the Life Cycle. Sociological Science, 3, pp.473-494.

Fox, K.J., (2002). Measuring Technical Progress in Matching Models of The Labour Market. Applied Economics, 34(6), pp.741-748.

Hanushek, Eric A., Guido Schwerdt, Ludger Woessmann, Lei Zhang (2017). General Education, Vocational Education, and Labor-Market Outcomes Over the Life-Cycle. Journal of Human Resources 52 (1): 48-87

Jatmoko, D., (2013). Relevansi kurikulum SMK kompetensi keahlian teknik kendaraan ringan terhadap kebutuhan dunia industri di Kabupaten Sleman. Jurnal Pendidikan Vokasi, 3(1).

Kumaat, H., (2012). Persepsi Masyarakat terhadap Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (Smk) sebagai Upaya Memasuki Dunia Kerja. Prosiding APTEKINDO, 6(1).

Lederer, M. (1987). Blue-Collar Jobs for Women. New York: New York Books

McKinsey. (2016). Unlocking Indonesia’s Digital Opportunity. McKinsey & Company Indonesia Office.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, (2015). Education in Indonesia: Rising to the challenge. OECD Publishing.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, (1994), The OECD Jobs Study, Paris: Head of Publications Service, OECD.

Perdana, N.S., (2019). Analisis Permintaan dan Penawaran Lulusan SMK Dalam Pemenuhan Pasar Tenaga Kerja. Refleksi Edukatika: Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan, 9(2).

Prospera. (2019). Capturing Indonesia’s Automation Potential

Schultz, T.W., (1961). Investment in Human Capital. The American economic review, pp.1-17.

Spence, M. (1973). Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87 (3), 355-374

Stiglitz, J.E., (1975). The Theory of "Screening", Education, and The Distribution of Income. The American economic review, 65(3), pp.283-300.

Teese, R. and Polesel, J., (2003). Undemocratic Schooling: Equity and Quality in Mass Secondary Education in Australia. Melbourne Univ. Publishing.

Witte, J.C. and Kalleberg, A.L., (1995). Matching Training and Jobs: The Fit Between Vocational Education and Employment in The German Labour Market. European Sociological Review, 11(3), pp.293-317.

Zwick, T., (2004). Employee Participation and Productivity. Labour Economics, 11(6), pp.715-740.

Share

COinS