•  
  •  
 

Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Policy Studies

Abstract

Pari islanders have revamped their island into cultural ecotourism destination since 2010. It has been successful because the activities have diverted the islanders’ dependence on the hard-pressed local coastal and fisheries resources and supplemented their income. This is a win-win situation the Indonesian government seeks to create with the 2007 Coastal Zone and Small Islands Management Law where natural conservation benefits local populace economically. The Law stipulates, among others, that community participation is one of the integrated coastal zone management principles. The Law also prioritizes coastal zones for conservation and tourism activities. Pari islanders thus have already implemented the imperatives of the 2007 Coastal Zone and Small Islands Management Law. However, in 2015 PT. Bumi Pari Asri (PT. BPA), a real estate development company, claimed to possess the ownership and building right certificates of 90 percent of land in Pari Island and intends to build luxurious resort there. Since then, tensions, even open conflicts, erupted between the company and Pari islanders. In 2017 several Pari islanders were apprehended by the Police due to criminal allegations of extortion, land grabbing, and trespassing. In fact, three islanders have been detained for 6 months and allegedly tortured in the detention. The islanders suspected that these cases are related to their conflicts with PT. BPA. This article basically argues that the criminal indictments against Pari islanders constitute criminalization of community-based ecotourism (CBET) which ironically is encouraged and protected, among others, by the government policy i.e., the 2007 Coastal Zone and Small Islands Management Law. To support the argument, the article exposes, clarifies, and analyzes the development of cultural and ecotourism in Pari Island, Indonesian policies on CBET in coastal zone and small islands, and the criminal cases involving the proponents and managers of CBET in Pari Island.

Bahasa Abstract

Penduduk Pulau Pari telah mengembangkan pulaunya menjadi tujuan wisata lingkungan dan budaya sejak 2010. Kegiatan ini terbukti berhasil karena telah mengalihkan ketergantungan mereka pada sumber daya pesisir lokal dan perikanan yang semakin menipis dan menambah pemasukan pula. Ini pun merupakan situasi yang menguntungkan bagi semua, yang ingin diciptakan oleh pemerintah Indonesia melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2007 tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil, di mana pelestarian alam juga memberi manfaat ekonomi bagi warga setempat. Undang Undang ini menetapkan, antara lain, bahwa peran serta masyarakat merupakan asas pengelolaan terpadu wilayah pesisir. UU No. 27/2007 juga memprioritaskan wilayah pesisir untuk kegiatan konservasi dan pariwisata. Dengan demikian, penduduk Pulau Pari sebenarnya telah melaksanakan ketentuan Undang-Undang ini. Pada 2015, PT. Bumi Pari Asri (PT. BPA), sebuah perusahaan pengembang real estat, mengklaim menguasai hak milik dan hak guna bangunan atas 90 persen dari tanah di Pulau Pari, dan bermaksud membangun resor mewah di sana. Sejak itu, muncullah ketegangan bahkan pertikaian terbuka antara perusahaan itu dengan penduduk Pulau Pari. Pada 2017, beberapa penduduk ditangkap Polisi dengan tuduhan pidana pemerasan, penyerobotan tanah, dan masuk pekarangan orang lain tanpa izin. Tiga orang penduduk bahkan ditahan 6 bulan dan kabarnya disiksa dalam tahanan. Penduduk Pulau Pari curiga bahwa perkara-perkara ini terkait dengan konflik mereka dengan PT. BPA. Artikel ini berpendapat bahwa dakwaan-dakwaan pidana terhadap penduduk Pulau Pari itu merupakan kriminalisasi terhadap wisata lingkungan berbasis masyarakat yang ironisnya justru didorong dan dilindungi oleh kebijakan pemerintah. Untuk mendukung pendapat ini, akan dipaparkan, dijelaskan, dan dianalisis pengembangan wisata lingkungan dan budaya di Pulau Pari, kebijakan wisata lingkungan berbasis masyarakat di kawasan pesisir dan pulau-pulau kecil di Indonesia, dan perkara-perkara pidana yang melibatkan pendukung dan pengelola wisata lingkungan berbasis masyarakat di Pulau Pari.

References

Alie, M., Pratama, C. A., & Andhika, M. R. (2023). Strategi Community Based Tourism melalui Pengembangan Wisata Alam dan Budaya Pulau Pari. Nuansa Akademik: Jurnal Pembangunan Masyarakat, 8(1), 63-74.

Anandar, R., & Laksmono, B. S. (2020). Perubahan Kebijakan Rencana Zonasi Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil (RZP3K) Serta Dampaknya pada Kelompok Nelayan Pulau Pari, Kepulauan Seribu Selatan, Kepulauan Seribu. Jurnal Pembangunan Manusia, 1(2), 5.

Annisa, Z.N., Karjoko, L., & Purwadi, H., (2023), National land agency liability for negative publication system in double certificate, International Journal of Business, Economics, and Law 28 (3), pp. 131-134.

Assa, A. F. (2019, February). Maritime Ecotourism Management of Pari Island. In 5th Annual International Conference on Management Research (AICMaR 2018) (pp. 154-157). Atlantis Press.

Aswani, S., Christie, P., Muthiga, N. A., Mahon, R., Primavera, J. H., Cramer, L. A., Barbier, E.B., Granek, E.F., Kennedy, C.J., Wolanski, E., & Hacker, S. (2012). The way forward with ecosystem-based management in tropical contexts: Reconciling with existing management systems. Marine Policy, 36(1), 1-10.

Berita Satu, (2017/03/11), Polisi ciduk 6 pelaku pungli di Pulau Pari, , accessed 3 June 2023.

Bourdieu, P. (2018). On the state: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1989-1992. John Wiley & Sons.

Brits, A. M., Grant, C., & Burns, T. (2002, June). Comparative study of land administration systems. In Regional Workshops on Land Policy Issues-Asia Program.

Butarbutar, R., & Soemarno, S. (2013). Environmental effects of ecotourism in Indonesia. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies, 1(3), 97-107.

Cahyadi, F. D., Khakhim, N., & Mardiatno, D. (2018). Integrasi SWOT dan AHP dalam Pengelolaan Ekosistem Mangrove di Kawasan Wisata Bahari Gugusan Pulau Pari. Jurnal Pariwisata Pesona, 3(2), 105-118.

Christian, Y., Satria, A., & Sunito, S. (2017). Mode of Dispossession of Small Island’s Agrarian Resource. International Journal of Science: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR), 36(5), 283-297.

Christian, Y., Satria, A., & Sunito, S. (2018). Political economy of agrarian conflict of small island: Case study in Pari Island, Seribu Islands, Capital province of Jakarta. Sodality: Jurnal Sosiologi Pedesaan, 6(1).

CNN Indonesia, (2018/04/14), Ikhtisar Pulau Pari: Konflik lahan sampai tumpahan minyak, , accessed 15 April 2018.

Dahuri, R., & Dutton, I. M. (2000). Integrated coastal and marine management enters a new era in Indonesia. Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1(1), 1-16.

Department of Tourism of the Republic of the Philippines (DOTRP), (2014) National Ecotourism Strategy and Action Plan 2013-2022. Department of Tourism of the Republic of the Philippines, Manila.

Fitriana, N. N. (2019). Menakar Representasi Dalam Konflik di Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu Jakarta. International Journal of Demos, 1(3), 366-381.

Gresnews, (2017/03/11), Konflik Pulau Pari makin panas, , accessed 13 March 2017.

Hampton, M. P., & Clifton, J. (2016). Tourism in Indonesia. In The Routledge Handbook of Tourism in Asia (pp. 201-210). Routledge.

Herawati, L., Hakim, L., & Guntur, G. (2016). Recent Status of Coral Reef Ecosystem in Penuktukan Bali, Indonesia: the Implication for Sustainable Marine Tourism Implementation. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies, 4(3), 123-128.

Jawa Pos, (2018/04/09), Kisah warga berusaha merebut kembali tanahnya di Pulau pari, , accessed 15 May 2023.

Jones, S. (2005). Community-based ecotourism: The significance of social capital. Annals of tourism research, 32(2), 303-324.

Kausar, D. R., Darmawan, F., & Firmansyah, R. (2020). Collaborative conservation on small islands: Towards community empowerment and sustainable tourism in Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. In Tourism and Development in Southeast Asia (pp. 88-99). Routledge.

Kinseng, R. A., Nasdian, F. T., Fatchiya, A., Mahmud, A., & Stanford, R. J. (2018). Marine-tourism development on a small island in Indonesia: blessing or curse?. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(11), 1062-1072.

Koran Tempo, (2017/03/14), Sengketa tanah di pulau berpasir putih.

Koran Tempo, (2021/04/22), Mendongkrak kunjungan di Kepulauan Seribu.

LBH Jakarta, (2018/09/10), Warga Pulau Pari setia menemani persidangan Ketua RW, , accessed 30 September 2018.

Liputan 6, (2022/10/24), Delapan wisata Pulau pari di Kepulauan Seribu. Wisata keluarga yang bikin liburan tambah seru. . accessed 23 May 2023.

Mardiputra, H. M. (2018). Perception of ecotourism sustainability factor among a thousand island mangrove populations. Pelita Teknologi, 13(2), 64-83.

Martini, M., & Lubis, E. (2021). Pemanfaatan Hak Guna Usaha untuk Pariwisata dalam Rangka Peningkatan Kesejahteraan Masyarakat di Pulau Pari Kepulauan Seribu DKI Jakarta. Veritas, 7(2), 24-36.

Media Indonesia, (2017/06/12), Warga Pulau Pari terancam pergi, , accessed 14 May 2023.

Mongabay. (2017/09/19), "Perbedaan cara pandang kriminalisasi nelayan Pulau Pari. Seperti apa?" . accessed 02/06/2023.

Nurrahman, Y. A., & Nurdjaman, S. (2018, June). Primary productivity of coastal ecosystems in the Seribu Islands (case study on Kelapa Dua Island, Pramuka Island and Pari Island). In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 162, No. 1, p. 012025). IOP Publishing.

OECD (2022), OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2022, OECD Publishing, Paris

Phelan, A., Ruhanen, L., & Mair, J. (2020). Ecosystem services approach for community-based ecotourism: towards an equitable and sustainable blue economy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28(10), 1665-1685.

Post, J. C., & Lundin, C. G. (1996). Guidelines for integrated coastal zone management. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Pradati, D. P. A. D. (2017). Ecotourism and Sustainable Development in a Marine Conservation Zone Lessons Learned from East Lombok, Indonesia (Master's thesis in Culture, Environment, and Sustainability. University of Oslo).

Pulau Seribu, (2021/04/21). Sejarah dan mitos Pulau pari yang tidak banyak diketahui. . accessed 14 May 2023.

Salsabila, H. K., & Mufidi, M. F. (2018). Penguasaan Pulau Pari Oleh PT Bumi Pari Asri Ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria dan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 27 Tahun 2007 tentang Pengelolaan Wilayah Pesisir Dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil. Prosiding Ilmu Hukum, 894-898.

Shadrina, N. N., Besila, Q. A., & Widjaja, H. (2023). Identification and analysis of the nature tourism potential in Pari Island, the Thousand Islands, Jakarta. Journal of Synergy Landscape, 2(2), 236-250.

Steinberg, P. F. (2004). Brechin, Steven R., Peter R. Wilshusen, Crystal L. Fortwangler, and Patrick C. West, eds.; Contested Nature; Promoting International Biodiversity and Social Justice in the 21st Century. Perspectives on Political Science, 33(3), 184.

Sulistyadi, Y., Eddyono, F., & Hasibuan, B. (2017). Model of sustainable tourism development strategy of the Thousand Islands Tourism Area–Jakarta. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 19(1), 1-17.

Tempo, (2017/03/09), Warga buat petisi usir satpam pengembang dari Pulau Pari, , accessed 11 March 2017.

Tempo, (2018/09/28), Nelayan Pulau Pari dituntut bersalah, LBH Jakarta cium kejanggalan, , accessed 30 September 2018.

Timmer, J. (2010). Being seen like the state: Emulations of legal culture in customary labor and land tenure arrangements in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. American Ethnologist, 37(4), 703-712.

Tirto, (2017/11/07), Tiga nelayan Pulau Pari divonis 6 bulan penjara, , accessed 8 November 2017.

Towner, N. (2016). How to manage the perfect wave: Surfing tourism management in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia. Ocean & Coastal Management, 119, 217-226.

Walhi, (2018/10/28), Nelayan Pulau Pari dibebaskan Pengadilan Tinggi Jakarta. Kriminalisasi harus dihentikan, , accessed 13 May 2023.

Walhi, (2020/03/11), Mengenang 3 tahun kriminalisasi warga Pulau Pari, , accessed 12 March 2020.

Wibowo, A., (2020), Ragam inisiatif gerakan sosial dalam advokasi kebijakan penyelesaian konflik tenurial di Pulau Pari, kabupaten Kepulauan Seribu. Tesis Magister Kepemimpinan dan Inovasi Kebijakan. Universitas Gadjah Mada.

Wisata Pulau Tidung, (2016/11/15), Pesona wisata Pulau Pari. . accessed 2 June 2023.

Yustika, B. P., & Goni, J. I. (2020). Network structure in coastal and marine tourism: diving into the three clusters. Tourism Planning & Development, 17(5), 515-536.

Download

Share

COinS