Assessing Coastal Vulnerability to Extreme Waves and Abrasion in Bandar Lampung City: Implications for Spatial Pattern and Infrastructure Adaptation

Authors

• Adnin Musadri Asbi, Institut Teknologi SumateraFollow
• Yudha Rahman, Institut Teknologi SumateraFollow
• Fachri Muhammad Rasyid, Institut Teknologi SumateraFollow
• Diyanti Isnani Siregar, Institut Teknologi SumateraFollow

Abstract

Coastal cities in Southeast Asia face dual challenges of rapid urbanization and increasing climate pressures, demanding robust integration of risk assessment into spatial planning. This study assesses the vulnerability of Bandar Lampung City's coastal area to extreme waves and abrasion, analyzing implications for its spatial plan. Using a standard hazard index and a spatial overlay against the city's Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW), the research identifies a 'Medium' hazard classification across all four studied sub-districts. Crucially, this classification is not driven by significant hydrodynamic forces but is substantially amplified by anthropogenic vulnerabilities. A development-centric spatial policy has led to the dominance of residential and industrial land use on susceptible coastal typologies, coupled with a critical lack of protective vegetation. The analysis exposes a significant misalignment between planning and risk reduction, revealing a state of 'planned vulnerability' where over 400 hectares designated for future industrial and residential development lie directly within the hazard zone. This physical exposure is compounded by high social vulnerability in densely populated communities and the placement of critical public infrastructure in at-risk areas. Situated within the city's multi-hazard context including flooding, tsunamis, and accelerating climate change impacts, these findings highlight a systemic conflict between short-term development objectives and long-term resilience. The study concludes that effective adaptation requires a fundamental shift beyond project-based solutions towards the systemic integration of multi-hazard risk assessment into urban governance and spatial planning.

Bahasa Abstract

Kota-kota pesisir di Asia Tenggara menghadapi tantangan ganda berupa urbanisasi yang pesat dan tekanan iklim yang terus meningkat. Kondisi ini menuntut adanya integrasi yang kuat antara penilaian risiko dengan perencanaan tata ruang. Penelitian ini mengkaji kerentanan kawasan pesisir Kota Bandar Lampung terhadap gelombang ekstrem dan abrasi, serta menganalisis implikasinya terhadap rencana tata ruang wilayah tersebut. Dengan menggunakan indeks bahaya bencana dan analisis overlay spasial terhadap Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Kota Bandar Lampung, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi klasifikasi tingkat bahaya "Sedang" pada keempat kecamatan yang diteliti. Hal yang penting untuk digarisbawahi adalah tingkat bahaya ini bukan semata-mata dipicu oleh faktor hidrodinamika, melainkan juga dipengaruhi oleh kerentanan antropogenik (akibat aktivitas manusia). Kebijakan tata ruang yang terlalu berpusat pada pembangunan telah menyebabkan dominasi penggunaan lahan untuk permukiman dan industri pada tipologi pesisir yang rentan. Kondisi ini semakin memburuk akibat minimnya tutupan vegetasi pelindung. Analisis ini menyingkap adanya ketidakselarasan yang mencolok antara perencanaan pembangunan dan upaya pengurangan risiko. Hal ini menunjukkan terjadinya fenomena "kerentanan yang terencana" (planned vulnerability), di mana lebih dari 400 hektar lahan yang diperuntukkan bagi pengembangan kawasan industri dan permukiman justru berada tepat di dalam zona bahaya. Keterpaparan fisik ini diperparah oleh tingginya tingkat kerentanan sosial pada masyarakat di kawasan padat penduduk, serta penempatan infrastruktur publik yang esensial pada area-area yang berisiko. Bila dilihat dalam konteks kerawanan multi-bahaya di kota ini yang mencakup banjir, tsunami, dan akselerasi dampak perubahan iklim, temuan ini menggarisbawahi adanya konflik sistemik antara tujuan pembangunan jangka pendek dengan ketangguhan kota jangka panjang. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa adaptasi yang efektif membutuhkan pergeseran paradigma yang mendasar; tidak lagi hanya berfokus pada solusi penyelesaian jangka pendek, tetapi harus bergeser menuju integrasi sistemik antara penilaian risiko multi-bahaya dengan tata kelola perkotaan dan perencanaan tata ruang.

References

Achiari, H., Wulandari, N., Yustiani, M. Y., & Harlan, D. (2015). Study erosion and coastal destruction at Pondok-Bali, North Coast-West Java of Indonesia. In Conference paper, The IIER: ICNSE-2015.

Adger, W. N., Arnell, N. W., & Tompkins, E. L. (2005). Successful adaptation to climate change across scales. Global Environmental Change, 15(2), 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2004.12.005

Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG). (2010). Regulation of the Head of the Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Number KEP. 009 of 2010 concerning Standard Operating Procedures for the Implementation of Early Warning, Reporting, and Dissemination of Extreme Weather Information.

Agustri, M. P., & Asbi, A. M. (2020). Tingkat Risiko Bencana Banjir di Kota Bandar Lampung dan Upaya Pengurangannya Berbasis Penataan Ruang. Jurnal Dialog Penanggulangan Bencana, 11(1), 23–38.

Asbi, A. M., Mardiatno, D., & Ruslanjari, D. (2024). Assessing Social Vulnerability to Coastal Hazards: A Case Study of Bandar Lampung City Coastal Area. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1313(1), 012027. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1313/1/012027

Asbi, A. M., Mardiatno, D., & Ruslanjari, D. (2025a). Spatial Modeling of Tidal Flood Hazard and Mitigation Efforts in the Coastal Area of Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia. International Journal of Geoinformatics, 21(2), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.52939/ijg.v21i2.3937

Asbi, A. M., Mardiatno, D., & Ruslanjari, D. (2025b). Tsunami Hazard Area Zonation Using Run-Up Modeling in The Coastal Area of Bandar Lampung City. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1479(1), 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1479/1/012007

Asirin, Asbi, A. M., & Pakpahan, V. H. (2018). Stakeholder Participation in Marine Spatial Plan Making Process in Lampung Province. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 158(1), 012030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/158/1/012030

Cabrera, J. S., & Lee, H. S. (2022). Coastal zone environment integrity assessment for sustainable management: Part 1. Development of adaptive expert-driven coastal zone health index framework. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10(9), 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10091183

Djalante, R., Thomalla, F., Sinapoy, M. S., & Carnegie, M. (2012). Building resilience to natural hazards in Indonesia: Progress and challenges in implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action. Natural Hazards, 62(3), 779-803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0066-x

Hinkel, J., Aerts, J. C., Brown, S., Jiménez, J. A., Lincke, D., Nicholls, R. J., ... & Addo, K. A. (2018). The ability of societies to adapt to twenty-first-century sea-level rise. Nature Climate Change, 8(7), 570-578. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0176-z

Ilmi, W. Z., Asbi, A. M., & Syam, T. (2020a). Identifikasi Kapasitas Penanggulangan Pada Kawasan Informal Pesisir Kota Bandar Lampung Dalam Menghadapi Dampak Perubahan Iklim. Jurnal Pengembangan Kota, 8(2), 177–187. https://doi.org/10.14710/jpk.8.2.177-187

Ilmi, W. Z., Asbi, A. M., & Syam, T. (2020b). Kajian Dimensi Ketahanan Bencana Pada Kawasan Informal Pesisir Kota Bandar Lampung Dalam Menghadapi Dampak Perubahan Iklim. Jurnal Dialog Penanggulangan Bencana, 11(2), 139–154.

Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB). (2023). Indonesia Disaster Risk Index (IRBI) Book 2022. Directorate of Disaster Management Systems, BNPB.

IPCC. (2021). Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S. L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, & B. Zhou, Eds.). Cambridge University Press.

Jiang, T., Tu, J., Li, Y., & Wang, Y. (2025). Urbanization as the main cause of ecological environment deterioration in cross-border coastal zones of northeast Asia. Frontiers in Marine Science, 12, 1484714. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1484714

Marfuah, C. A., Rahman, Y., Asbi, A. M., & Putri, H. T. (2025). Dinamika Penduduk dan Penutupan Lahan Pesisir Kecamatan Bumi Waras menggunakan Sistem Dinamik. Jurnal Wilayah Dan Lingkungan, 13(1), 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.13.1.75-91

Masselink, G., Hughes, M. G., & Knight, J. (2014). Introduction to coastal processes and geomorphology (2nd ed.). Routledge.

Pratiwi, F. N., Asbi, A. M., & Kurnianingsih, N. A. (2022). Identifikasi Gejala Perubahan Iklim di Kota Bandar Lampung Berdasarkan Data Iklim Makro Tahun 1998-2020. Jurnal Reksabumi, 1(1), 43-53. http://doi.org/10.33830/Reksabumi.v1i1.2195.2021

Rangkuty, G. I. U., Brema, A. R., Suhardi, R. A., & Lee, V. (2025). Public Space as Development Control Element in Coastal Settlements of Kampung Tua Tanjung Uma, Batam. International Journal of Built Environment and Scientific Research, 9(1), 23-32. http://doi.org/10.24853/ijbesr.9.1.23-32

Rasyid, F. M., Damai, A. A., & Asbi, A. M. (2021). Hubungan Daya Dukung Lingkungan Berbasis Kemampuan Lahan dengan Kerentanan Banjir di Kecamatan Teluk Betung Selatan. Jurnal Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan, 8(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jsal.2021.008.01.1

Regional Development Planning Agency of Lampung Province. (2019). Lampung Province Regional Regulation Number 17 of 2019 concerning the Regional Medium-Term Development Plan of Lampung Province 2019-2024. Lampung Provincial Government.

Regional Disaster Management Agency of Bandar Lampung City. (2016). Disaster Risk Assessment (DRA) Document for Bandar Lampung City 2016-2020. Bandar Lampung City Government.

Republic of Indonesia. (2014). Law No. 1 of 2014 concerning the Amendment to Law No. 27 of 2007 concerning the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands.

Solihuddin, T., Husrin, S., Salim, H. L., Kepel, T. L., Mustikasari, E., Heriati, A., ... & Berliana, B. (2021, May). Coastal erosion on the north coast of Java: adaptation strategies and coastal management. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 777, No. 1, p. 012035). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/777/1/012035

Turner, R. K., Subak, S., & Adger, W. N. (1996). Pressures, trends, and impacts in coastal zones: Interactions between socioeconomic and natural systems. Environmental Management, 20(2), 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01204001

USAID. (2017). Climate risk profile: Indonesia. United States Agency for International Development.

Yang, F., Zhang, L., Chen, B., Li, K., Liao, J., Mahmood, R., ... & Sutrisno, D. (2023). Long-term change of coastline length along selected coastal countries of Eurasia and African continents. Remote Sensing, 15(9), 2344. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092344

Recommended Citation

Asbi, Adnin Musadri; Rahman, Yudha; Rasyid, Fachri Muhammad; and Siregar, Diyanti Isnani (2026) "Assessing Coastal Vulnerability to Extreme Waves and Abrasion in Bandar Lampung City: Implications for Spatial Pattern and Infrastructure Adaptation," Jurnal Geografi Lingkungan Tropik (Journal of Geography of Tropical Environments): Vol. 10: No. 1, Article 1.
Available at: https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/jglitrop/vol10/iss1/1