•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Over the past few years, one of Indonesia’s state-owned enterprises, PLN, has conducted dialogues focusing on developing a new value-creative business model to transform itself, a sleepy regulated utility, into a truly competitive electricity service provider. However, efforts to preserve the prominence of the Country’s electricity sector have been ongoing as the sector is still experiencing sustained rolling blackouts, net import dependency and lack of transmission facility enforcement throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Such efforts have been varied from the incentivise policy and programs such as the Public-Private Partnership and the two phases of Fast Track Program. The reformation of electricity law dated back on the 1985, 2002 and 2009 to attract investors in the development of Indonesia’s electricity sector have been enacted, but a controversial issue arose from the annulment of the Law No. 20 Year 2002 on Electricity by the Constitutional Court Decision No. 001- 021-022/PUU-I/2003 stating that such law which clearly stating that the requirement to privatise electricity operation was unconstitutional. This article will try to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis of such decision with the common practice adopted by the EU which has successfully implemented its deregulation and separation of the electricity’s business chain through unbundling the sector as part of liberalisation.

Bahasa Abstract

Dalam kurun beberapa tahun terakhir, salah satu badan usaha milik negara, PLN, telah melakukan beberapa dialog untuk membahas perkembangan sebuah model bisnis baru yang memiliki nilai kreatif untuk mentransformasi perusahaan, pengaturan utilitas yang tak tersentuh menjadi penyedia jasa listrik yang lebih kompetitif. Akan tetapi, berbgai cara telah dilakukan untuk mempertahankan sektor kelistrikan Indonesia, namun sektor ini masih mengalami pemadaman bergilir, ketergantungan akan impor dan kurangnya fasilitas transmisi di seluruh penjuru Indonesia. Cara-cara yang telah dilakukan tersebut bermacam-macam, mulai dari kebijakan dan program yang menginsentivasi para investor, contohnya melalui Kemitraan Pemerintah- Swasta dan ketiga fase Fast Track Program. Reformasi akan undang-undang ketenagalistrikan telah dimulai dari tahun 1985, 2002 dan 2009 yang dimaksudkan untuk menarik para investor untuk berpartisipasi dalam sektor kelistrikan di Indonesia. Namun, isu kontroversial timbul setelah Mahkamah Konstitusi RI dalam putusannya No. 001-021-022/PUU-I/2003 membatalkan keberlakuan Undang-Undang No. 20 Tahun 2002 tentang Ketenagalistrikan yang menyatakan bahwa ketentuan mengenai privatisasi kegiatan ketenagalistrikan dalam undang-undang tersebut tidak konstitusional. Tulisan ini akan mencoba untuk menyediakan analisis perbandingan menyeluruh terhadap putusan tersebut dengan mengacu pada praktik di EU sebagai salah satu contoh negara yang telah berhasil menerapkan konsep deregulasi dan pemisahan rantai bisnis ketenagalistrikan melalui proses penguraian dan liberalisasi.

References

Bibliography Legal Documents Constitutional Court of Republic of Indonesia, “Decision No. 001-021-022/ PUU-I/2003.” Constitutional Court of Republic of Indonesia, “Decision No. 149/PUU-VII/2009.” European Parliament and European Council, Directive Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Electricity and Repealing Directive 2003/54/EC, Directive 2009/72/EC (13 July 2009). European Parliament and European Council, Directive Concerning Measures to Safeguard Security of Electricity Supply and Infrastructure Investment, Directive 2005/89/EC (18 January 2006). European Parliament and European Council, Regulation on Conditions for Access to The Natural Gas Transmission Networks and Repealing Regulation (EC) No. 1775/2005/EC, Regulation 2005/89/EC (13 July 2009). Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Ketenagalistrikan (Law regarding Electricity), UU No. 20 Tahun 2002, LN No. 94 Tahun 2002 (Law Number 20 Year 2002, SG No. 94 Year 2002). Indonesia, Undang-Undang tentang Ketenagalistrikan (Law regarding Electricity), UU No. 30 Tahun 2009, LN No. 94 Tahun 2002 (Law Number 20 Year 2002, SG No. 133 Year 2009). Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Peraturan Tentang Tarif Tenaga Listrik yang Disediakan oleh Perusahaan Perseroan (Persero) PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Regulation of Electricity Price Provided by PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara), PerMen ESDM No. 09 Tahun 2014, BN No. 417 Tahun 2014 (MoEMR Regulation Number 09 Year 2014, SG No. 417 Year 2014). Books Baldick, Ross and Hui Niu, “Lessons Learned: The Texas Experience” in Electricity Deregulation: Choices and Challenges. Edited by James M. Griffin and Steven L. Puller, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Butt, Simon and Tim Lindsey, “Who Owns the Economy? Roperty Rights, Privatization, and the Indonesian Constitution: The Elictricity Law Case” in Property and the Law in Energy and Natural Resources edited by Aileen McHarg, et.al. Oxford: Oxford Scholarship Online, 2010. Cameron, Peter D. Competition in Energy Markets: Law and Regulation in the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. del Guayo, Ińigo. et. al. “Energy Law in Europe: Comparisons and Conclusions” in Energy Law in Europe: National, EU and International Regulation. 2nd ed. Edited by Martha M Roggenkamp, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. 1267. Griffin, James M. and Steven L. Puller, “Introduction: A Primer on Electricity and the Economics of Deregulation” in Electricity Deregulation: Choices and Challenges. Edited by James M. Griffin and Steven L. Puller, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Machmud, Tengku Nathan. The Indonesian Production Sharing Contract: An Investor’s Perspective, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000. Praetorius, Barbara. et al. Innovation for Sustainable Electricity Systems: Exploring the Dynamics of Energy Transitions, Germany: Physica-Verlag Heidelberg, 2009. Thatcher, Mark. “From Industrial Policy to a Regulatory State: Contrasting Institutional Change in Britain and France’ in Governing Europe edited by Mark, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Wolfram, Catherine. “The Efficiency of Electricity Generation in the United States after Restructuring” in Electricity Deregulation: Choices and Challenges. Edited by James M. Griffin and Steven L. Puller, Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 2005. p. 227. Zillman, Donald N. et. al. “Energy Networks and the Law: Iinovative Solutions in Changing Markets” in Energy Law and the Law: Innovative Solutions in Changing Markets. Edited by Martha M. Roggenkamp, et.al. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. Articles Alfian, “PLN Labor Union to Challenge New Law on Electricity,” The Jakarta Post (20 January 2010): 1. Andrews-Speed, Philip and Robert Pritchard, “Eight Principles of Electricity Industry Reform,” International Energy Law & Taxation Review Vol. 1 (2001): p. 11 Atmo, Gigih Udi. et.al. “Structuring Procurement to Improve Sustainable Outcomes of Power Plant Projects,” Energy Technology and Policy Vol. 2 No. 1 (2015): p. 54. Barrett, Eva. “A Case of: Who Will Tell The Emperor He Has No Clothers? – Market Liberalization, Regulatory Capture and The Need for Further Improved Electricity Market Unbundling Through a Fourth Energy Package,” Journal of World Energy Law & Business Vol. 9 (2015): p. 5. Cameron, Peter D. “The Internal Market in Energy: Harnessing the New Regulatory Regime,” Energy Law Review (2005): p. 631. Chaniadi, Frengky and Fadli Rahman, “Why Restructuring the Indonesian Electricity Market is Imperative,” The Jakarta Post ( 31 January 2016): 1.

Custos, Dominique and John Reits, “Public-Private Partnership”, The American Journal of Comparative Law Vol. 58 (2010): p. 555. Duncan, Claudia A. “Lessons from the United States and Texas: Market Liberalization of the Natural Gas and Electricity Markets in Europe,” Texas Journal of Oil Gas and Energy Law Vol. 10 (2014): p. 332. Havriş, Cristina. “Competition and Regulation in the EU Energy Market,” Romanian Journal of European Affairs Vol. 9 No. 4 (2009): p. 18. Hrabčáková, Barbora and Tomáš Lipták, “EU Legislation on the Electricity Market: Introducing Competition. Interaction Between Sector-Specific Regulation and EU Competition Rules. Third Legislative Package,” Common Law Review Vol. 13 (2014): p. 62. Hodge, Graeme A. and Carsten Greve, “Public-Private Partnerships: An International Performance Review,” American Society for Public Administration Vol. 67 No. 3, (2007): p.545. Joskow, Paul L. “Lessons Learned from Electricity Market Liberalization.” The Energy Journal, Special Issue. The Future of Electricity: Papers in Honor of David Newbery (2008): p.10. Karova, Rozeta. “Capacity Reservations at Interconnectors: An Analysis Under EU Competition and EU Energy Law,” Competition and Regulatory Network Industry Vol. 13 (2012): p. 237. Koch Jr., Charles H. “Collaborative Governance in the Restructured Electricity Industry,” College of William & Mary Law School Faculty Publications Paper 47 (2005): p.593 Accessed on 7 March 2016 available at http://scholarship. law.wm.edu/facpubs/47 –– ––. Charles H. “Collaborative Governance: Lessons for Europe from U.S. Electricity Restructuring,” College of William & Mary Law School Faculty Publications Paper 1270, (2009): p.81. Linder, Stephen. “Coming to Terms with The Public-Private Partnership: A Grammar of Multiple Meanings,” American Behavioral Scientist Vol. 43 No. 1, (1999): p. 35 – 51. Nowak, Bartlomiej. “Energy Market of the European Union: Common or Segmented?” The Electricity Journal Vol. 20 No. 10 (2010): p. 29. –– ––. “Equal Access to the Energy Infrastructure as a Precondition to Promote Competition in the Energy Market: The Case of European Union.” Energy Policy Vol. 38 (2010): 3691. Palasthy, Andras. “Third Party Access in the Electricity Sector: EC Competition Law and Sector-Specific Regulation,” Energy and Natural Resources Law Vol. 20 No. 1 (2002): p. 1. Wieser, Mathias. “Unbundling – A Disturbing Factor in Intelligent Electricity Distribution Networks?” Renewable Energy Law and Policy Review Vol. 3 No. 1 (2012): p. 42. Zafirova, Zornica. “Unbundling the Network: The Case for Ownership Unbundling?” International Energy Law and Taxation Review Vol. 2 (2007): 29.

Websites APEC, “Peer Review on Low Carbon Energy Policies In Indonesia: Final Report,” 20 November 2013, p. 4 http://apecenergy.tier.org.tw/database/db/ewg46/1_ Meeting/11c_PRLCE_in_Indonesia.pdf accessed on 10 March 2016. Asian Development Bank, “Program Implementation Document: Perusahaan Listrik Negara, Electricity Grid Strengthening – Sumatra Program (Guaranteed by the Republic of Indonesia),” November 2015, p. 1 http://www.adb.org/ sites/default/files/linked-documents/49080-001-pid-rev.pdf accessed on 10 March 2016. Castlerock Consulting, “ADB TA 8287-INO: Scaling Up Renewable Energy Access in Eastern Indonesia, Achieving Universal Electricity Access in Indonesia Final Report 8 July 2015,” p. xx http://castlerockasia.com/sumba/ Deliverable%20A%20-%20Electricity%20Access%20Final%20July%20 2015.pdf accessed on 10 March 2016. Central Intelligence Agency, “The World Factbook 2015,” https://www.cia.gov/ library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/id.html accessed on 6 March 2016. Coordinating Ministry of Economic Affairs, “Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Ivestor’s Guide: What Private Investors Should Know About Investing in Indonesia’s Infrastructure,” (April 2010), p. 4 http://www.bi.go.id/en/iru/ presentation/other/Documents/6b3a71af6bbd481ca788477c2cc107a1P PPinvestorguide.pdf accessed on 11 March 2016. Diaan – Yi Lin, “Can Public Private Partnerships Solve Indonesia’s Infrastructure Needs?” McKinsey’s & Company p. 2 – 3 http://www.mckinsey.com/~/ media/McKinsey%20Offices/Indonesia/PDFs/Can%20PPPs%20 solve%20Indonesias%20infrastructure%20needs.ashx accessed on 11 March 2016. Ernst & Young, “Opportiniyties and Challenges of The Indonesian Electrification Drive,” (March 2015), p. 3 http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/ opportunities-and-challenges-of-the-indonesian-electrification-drivefebruary- 2015/$FILE/ey-opportunitiesand-challenges-of-the-indonesianelectrification- drive.pdf accessed on 13 March 2016. European Commission, “Commission Staff Working Paper: Interpretative Note in Directive 2009/73/EC Concerning Common Rules for the Internal Market in Natural Gas,’ https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/ documents/2010_01_21_the_unbundling_regime.pdf accessed on 22 March 2016. IAEA, “Country Nuclear Power Profiles: Indonesia,” 2015 https://cnpp.iaea.org/ countryprofiles/Indonesia/Indonesia.htm accessed on 13 March 2016. Indonesia Infrastructure Guarantee Fund, “Annual Report 2014 : Full Readiness to Support Indonesian Infrastructure,” (8 May 2015): p. 38 http://www. iigf.co.id/media/kcfinder/docs/ar-iigf-2014-bilingual-fa-05-08-2015- compressed.pdf accessed on 11 Marc 2016. Perusahaan Listrik Negara, “Annual Report 2014: Towards New Performance Level,” http://www.pln.co.id/dataweb/AR/ARPLN2014.pdf accessed on 6 March 2016.

–– ––. “Executive Summary: Electricity Supply Business Plan PT PLN (Persero) 2015 – 20124,” p. 4 http://energy-indonesia.com/02electrcitylaw/0130213RUP TL.pdf accessed on 10 March 2016. PriceWaterhouse Coopers, “Power in Indonesia: Investment and Taxation Guide, April 2013 – 2nd Edition,” https://www.pwc.com/id/en/energy-utilitiesmining/ assets/Power%20Guide%202015%20(final-octL).pdf accessed on 6 March 2016. Rastogi, Vaishali. et.al. “Indonesia’s Rising Middle-Class Consumers: Asia’s Next Big Opportunity,” https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/articles/center_ consumer_customer_insight_consumer_products_indonesias_rising_ middle_class_affluent_consumers/ accessed on 6 March 2016. Trading Economics, “Indoneia GDP Annual Growth Rate,” http://www. tradingeconomics.com/indonesia/gdp-growth-annual accessed on 6 March 2016. The World Bank, “Electricity for All: Options for Increasing Access in Indonesia,” December 2005, p.20 – 21. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTEAPASTAE/Resources/Electricity_for_All-Increasing_Access_in_ Indonesia.pdf accessed on 10 March 2016. The World Bank and AusAID, “One Goal, Two Paths: Achieving Universal Access to Modern Energy in East Asia and the Pacific,” p.110 http://www-wds. worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/09 /28/000356161_20110928014207/Rendered/PDF/646690PUB0one000 Box361543B00PUBLIC0.pdf accessed on 10 Macrh 2016. USAID Indonesia, “Indonesia Energy Sector and Strategic Program Assessment,” 28 February 2013, p. 7 http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JZ5S.pdf accessed on 10 March 2016.

Share

COinS