•  
  •  
 

Abstract

One of the factors that affect Indonesia’s economic growth is the existence of business firms. Most business firms in Indonesia are in the form of family-owned firm, and they are considered to constitute the backbone of the economic development. Family firms represent the most enduring business model in the world. The continuing success of family firms through the generations relies on ensuring the next generation. However, the issue of family firms is rarely discussed in particular from the perspective of corporate law. In fact, from legal perspectives, there are some issues dealing with this type of firm, among other, the lack of an overall definition of the term “family business”. It is because family businesses and small medium enterprises (SMEs) are widely understood synonymously in spite of the fact that they exist in every size class. Other issue is the question of its legal basis or legal framework in terms of its corporate governance. Many Indonesian business players lack the basic understanding of corporate law. It is partly because obligations set out in the corporate law are incompatible with the values and cultures in Indonesia where “kinship principle” is deeply rooted. This article aims to describe the characteristics and the legal frameworks for family firms in Indonesia. It also recommends the government to take progressive measures by providing clear regulations on family firms in Indonesia. This will reinforce family firms’ contribution to economic development of Indonesia in the future.

Bahasa Abstract

Salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia adalah keberadaan dari badan usaha. Tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa badan usaha di Indonesia merupakan usaha keluarga, yang menjadi tulang punggung utama dari pembangunan ekonomi nasional. Perusahaan keluarga memperlihatkan model bisnis yang paling bertahan di dunia. Kelanjutan keberhasilan dari perusahaan keluarga bergantung kepada penerusan kepada generasi selanjutnya. Akan tetapi, permasalahan mengenai perusahaan keluarga merupakan pembahasan yang jarang dibahas dalam perspektif hukum perusahaan. Faktanya, dari perspektif hukum, terdapat beberapa permasalahan dalam bentuk usaha semacam ini, antara lain yaitu kurangnya definisi mengenai istilah “usaha keluarga” itu sendiri. Hal ini karena perusahaan keluarga dan usaha kecil dan menengah (UKM) dipahami sebagai hal yang sama, meskipun pada kenyataannya perusahaan keluarga terdapat berbagai jenis dan ukuran, tidak hanya UKM. Permasalahan lainnya adalah mengenai dasar hukum atau kerangka hukum dari aspek tata kelola perusahaan. Banyak pelaku usaha Indonesia kurang memahami pemahaman mendasar tentang hukum perusahaan. Hal ini sebagian karena kewajiban-kewajiban tata kelola perusahaan tersebut bertentangan dengan nilai dan budaya di Indonesia di mana prinsip kekeluargaan tertanam dalam. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan karakteristik dan kerangka hukum untuk usaha keluarga di Indonesia. Tulisan ini juga memberikan rekomendasi kepada Pemerintah untuk mengambil kebijakan progresif dengan memberikan peraturan hukum yang jelas untuk perusahaan keluarga di Indonesia. Hal ini akan menguatkan peranan perusahaan keluarga kepada pembangunan ekonomi Indonesia di masa depan.

References

Legal documents Indonesia. Undang-Undang tentang Perseroan Terbatas (Law regarding Limited Liability Company). UU No. 40 tahun 2007, LN No. 106 tahun 2007 (Law Number 40 year 2007, SG No. 106 Year 2007). Indonesia. Undang-undang tentang Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (Law regarding Micro, Small, Medium Enterprises). UU No. 20 tahun 2008, LN No. 93 tahun 2008 (Law No. 20 Year 2008, SG No. 93 year 2008). Burgerlijke Wetboek (Indonesian Civil Code), Staatblad. 1847-23. Wetboek van Koophandel voor Indonesie (Indonesian Commercial Code), Staatblad. 1847-23. Books Astrachan, Joseph H., Sabine B. Klein & Kosmas X. Smyrnios.The F-PEC Scale of Family Influence: A Proposal for Solving the Family Business Definition Problem, Handbook of Research on Family Business. Edward Elgar: United Kingdom, 2006. Bresnan, John, et.al.Indonesia: The Great Transition. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Liitlefield Publishers, 2005. Cadbury, Sir Adrian. Family Firms and their Governance: Creating Tomorrow’s Company form Today’s. Great Britain: Egon Zehnder International, 2000. Ceja, Lucia & Josep Tapies. “Corporate Values Guiding the World’s Largerst Family- Owned Business: A Comparison with Non-Family Firms.” Working Paper-916, March 2011, IESE Business School, University of Navarra. Colli, Andrea & Mary Rose. “Family Business.” In The Oxford Handbook of Business History. Edited by Geoffrey G. Jones and Jonathan Zeitlin. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008). Dieleman, Marleen. “How Chinese are Entrepreneurial Strategies of Ethnic Chinese Business Groups in Southeast Asia? A Multifaceted Analysis of the Salim Group of Indonesia. Netherlands: Leiden University Press, 2007. Floren, Roberto, Lorranine Uhlaner and Martha Berent-Braun. “Family Business in the Netherlands, Characteristics and Success Factors: A Report for the Ministry of Economic Affairs.” Center for Entrepreneurship, Nyenrode Business Universiteit, Breukelen, the Netherlands, 25 January 2010. KMU Forschung Austria. “Overview of Family Business Relevant Issues.” Final Report. KMU Forschung Austria: Vienna, 2008.

Koopman, Martin & Kevin Sebel. “The Internationalization of Family Firms: Facilitating and Contraining Features.” Master Thesis, Jonkoping International Business School, 2009. Morck, Randall K. & Lloyd Steier. “The Global History of Corporate Governance: An Introduction.”in A History of Corporate Governance Around the World, edited by Randall K. Morck (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2005). PricewaterhouseCoopers.Making a Difference, The PricewaterhouseCoopers Family Business Survey 2007/08. 2008. Tapies, J. & J.L. Ward,eds. Family Values and Value Creation: How Do Family Owned Business Foster Enduring Value. New York: Palgrave McMillan, 2008. Ward, J.L. “Introduction.” in Family values and values creation. The fostering of enduring values within family-owned businesses. Edited by J. L. Ward. (Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008). Articles Anderson & Reeb. “Founding-Family Ownership and Firm Performance.” The Journal of Finance 58 (2003): 1301-1328. Benedict, Burton. “Family Firms and Economic Development.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 24, no. 1 (1968): 1-19. Burkart, Mike Fausto Panunzi & Andrei Schleifer. “Family Firms.”58 The Journal of Finance No. 5 (2003): 2167-2202. Chua, Jess H., James J. Chrisman & Erick P.C.Chang, Are Family Firms Born & Made? An Exploratory Investigation, Family Business Review 17 (March, 2004): 37-54. Church, Roy. “The Family Firm in Industrial Capitalism: International Perspectives on Hypotheses and History.” Business History 35(1993): 17-43. Claessens, Stijn Simeon Djankov & Larry H.P.Lang. “The Separation of Ownership and Control in East Asia Corporations.” Journal of Financial Economics 58 (2000): 81-112. Faccio, M.& Lang.“The Ultimate Ownership of Western European Corporations.”Journal of Financial Economics 65 (2002): 365-395. Lee, S. Lim and W.S. Lim. “Family Business Succession: Appropriation Risk and Choice of Successor.” Academy of Management Review 28,no. 4, (2003): 657-666. Lefort, Fernando. “Ownership Structure and Market Valuation of Family Groups in Chile.” Corporate Ownership & Control 3, no. 2 (2005-2006): 90-105. Littunen, H. & K. Hyrsky. “The Early Entrepreneurial Stage in Finnish Family and Non Family Firms.” Family Business Review13, no. 1 (2000): 42-45. Miller, et. al. “Are Family Firms Really Superior Performers?” Journal of Corporate Finance 13 (2007): 829-858 Poza, E.J. & T. Messer. “Spousal Leadership and Continuity in the Family Firm.” Family Business Review, 14no. 1 (2001): 25-36. Schulze, William S & Eric Gedajlovic.“Whither Family Business.” Journal of Management Studies 47 (2010): 191-204. Suehiro, Akira. “Family Business Reassessed: Corporate Structure and Late-starting Industrialization in Thailand.” The developing Economies 31, issue 4(1993): 378-407. Weidenbaum, Murray. “The Chinese Family Business Enterprise.” California Management Review 38, no. 4 (1996): 141-156.

Websites European Commission. “Final Report of the Expert Group on Overview of Family- Business-Relevant Issues: Research, Networks, Policy Measures, and Existing Studies.” Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General. at http://ec.europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-enterpreneurship/family-business. accessed on 27 March 2013. Floren, R.H. “Facts and Figures of the Family Business: 10 years of research on family business.” BDO Accountants & Adviseurs, accessed at www.nyenrode.nl, January 10, 2013. Forbes. “Indonesia’s 50 richest.” http://www.forbes.com/indonesia-billionaires. accessed on 15 February 2013. Susanto, AB. “Menguak Perusahaan Keluarga di Indonesia.” [“Revealing Family Firms in Indonesia”]. http://www.jakartaconsulting.com/art-0507.htm, accessed on 26 March 2013. SWA. “Ketika Perusahaan Keluarga Berhadapan ‘Seven-plus-Seven’.” [“When Family Companies facing ‘Seven-plus-seven’”] http://swa.co.id/business-strategy/ ketika-perusahaan-keluarga-berhadapan-seven-plus-seven. accessed on March 2013. The President Post. “Leadership in Family Business.” http://www.thepresidentpost. com/?p=15411. accessed on February 2013.

Download

Share

COinS