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Abstract

Corruption is a universal problem that is taking place all over the world, either in developed countries or developing or under developing countries. It is caused by some issues such as poorly designed economic policies, low levels of education, underdeveloped civil society, and the weak accountability of public institution. Those causes of corruption can be separated in some different types of corruption. The types are bureaucratic corruption, political corruption, grand corruption, and common corruption. In terms of tackling some problems of corruption, there are so many things to do including international law commitment. Some international law commitment can be seen like OAS Convention, OECD’s anti-bribery Convention, the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the United Nation Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). Those laws must be analyzed not only in context of substantive of those laws but also how they are implemented in state practices.

Bahasa Abstract

Korupsi adalah masalah universal yang berlangsung di seluruh dunia, baik di negara maju atau negara berkembang atau di negara-negara yang kurang berkembang. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa masalah seperti kebijakan ekonomi yang dirancang secara buruk, rendahnya tingkat pendidikan, masyarakat sipil terbelakang, dan akuntabilitas yang lemah dari lembaga publik. Penyebab korupsi ini dapat dipisahkan dalam beberapa jenis korupsi. Jenis korupsi adalah korupsi birokrasi, korupsi politik, korupsi besar, dan korupsi umum. Dalam hal menangani beberapa masalah korupsi, ada begitu banyak hal yang harus dilakukan termasuk komitmen hukum internasional. Beberapa komitmen hukum internasional dapat dilihat seperti Konvensi OAS, Konvensi OECD Anti-Penyuapan, Konvensi PBB Menentang Kejahatan Transnasional Terorganisir, dan Konvensi Perserikatan Bangsa Anti Korupsi (UNCAC). Hukum tersebut harus dianalisis tidak hanya dalam konteks substantif hukum-hukum tetapi juga bagaimana mereka diimplementasikan dalam praktek negara.

References

Bhargava, Vinay, and Emil Bolongaita. (2004). Challenging Corruption in Asia: Case Studies and a Framework for Action, Washington D.C.: the World Bank. Carr, Indira. (2007). Corruption, Legal Solutions and Limits of Law, International Journal of Law l in Context, Vol. 3 No.3 : 230-1. Clevaland, Margot, et.al., (2009). Trends in the International Fight against Bribery and Corruption, Journal of Business Ethics ,Vol. 90 : 212. Hess, David,. (2009). Catalyzing Corporate Commitment to Combating Corruption, Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 88 : 781. Johannsen, Lars and Pedersen, Karin Hilmer. (2011). For The Common Good: Combating Corruption In New EU Member States’, Journal of Comparative Politics, Vol. 4 Issue 1 : 92. Ksenia, Gerasimova, ’Can Corruption and Economic Crime be controlled in Developing Countries and if so, is it cost-effective?’ (2008) Vol. 15, No.2, Journal of Financial Crime. Konrad, Sabine, (2008).International Law and the Fight against Corruption’ ASIL Proceedings : 203. Leventhal, Robert. (2008). International Law and the Fight against Corruption, ASIL Proceedings : 204. McCullen cited in A. Seyf, (2000), Corruption and Development, Staffordshire University : Division of Economics Working Paper N2000. : 7. OECD. (2012). Typology on Mutual Legal Assistance in Foreign Bribery Cases, OECD: OECD Publishing. ----------. (2011). Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions, OECD: OECD Publishing. Osbourne, D., ‘Corruption as Counter Culture: Attitudes to Bribery in Local and Global Society, in Rider, B.A.K. (Ed), (1997). Corruption: Enemy Within, Kluwer Law International. Sahehu, Abdullah Y., (2005). International Initiatives against Corruption and Money Laundering: An Overview, Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 12 Issue 3 : 226. UNODC, ‘Legislative guide for the implementation of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, 2nd Revised Edition 2012’ , accessed, 19 May 2014. World Bank, ‘Helping Countries Combat Corruption: the Role of the World Bank’ Poverty Reduction and Economic Management, . Wouters, Jan., et.al. (2013). The International Legal Framework Against Corruption: Achievements And Challenges, Melbourne Journal of International Law, Vol. 14 Issue 1 : 205.

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