•  
  •  
 

Abstract

While some still debate whether or not climate change is a reality, one of its impacts, sea level rise, is factual. The cause and the rate of sea level rise might have been inconclusive but its impacts have been clearly felt. Sea level rise can also change the legal status of insular features (small islands/rocks and low tide elevation) that will also affect their capacity in making maritime claim. For an archipelagic State like Indonesia, small outer islands/rocks or low-tide elevation are important for location of basepoints forming the entire system of archipelagic baselines. This paper investigates the impact of sea level rise to the change of baselines and maritime limits a coastal state may claim. On the other hand, there is a need to have fixed maritime limits for better management and to balance rights and duties of coastal to the ocean. This paper provides options on how Indonesia as a coastal and archipelagic State can fix their baselines and or maritime limits in the face of coastal instability due to sea level rise as a consequence of climate change.

References

Bibliography

Walker, G. and King, D. 2008. The Hot Topic: How to Tackle Global Warming

and Still Keep the Lights On, London.

Tarigan, M. S. 2007. Perubahan Garis Pantai Di Wilayah Pesisir Perairan Cis- adane, Provinsi Banten, Makara, Sains, Vol. 11, No. 1, April 2007: 49-55

Leiserowitz, A. A. 2005. American Risk Perceptions: Is Climate Change Dan- gerous?, Risk Analysis, Vol. 25, No. 6.

Duzheng, Y. Yundi, J. and Wenjie, D. 2003. The northward shift of climatic belts

in China during the last 50 years and the corresponding seasonal re- sponses, Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, Volume 20, Number 6, pp.

959-967.

Walker and King, 2008: 778-780 in Schofield, C. and Arsana, I M. A., Imaginary

Islands? Options to Preserve Maritime Jurisdictional Entitlements and

Provide Stable Maritime Limits in the Face of Coastal Instability, Ablos

Conference, Monaco, 25-27 October 2010. See above note 3 and 4

Sutanta, H., Rajabifard, A. and Bishop, I. D. 2009. “An Integrated Approach

for Disaster Risk Reduction Using Spatial Planning and SDI Platform”,

pp.341-351 in Ostendorf B., Baldock, P., Bruce, D., Burdett, M. and P.

Corcoran (eds). Proceedings of the Surveying & Spatial Sciences In- stitute Biennial International Conference, Adelaide 2009, Surveying &

Spatial Sciences Institute.

United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), opened for signa[1]ture 10 December 1982, in force 16 November 1994, 1833 UNTS 3.

94 The United Nations Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations

Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of

Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks (in force as from 11 December 2001). Available at

(last ac[1]cess on 3 September 2010).

Prescott, J.R.V. and Schofield, C.H. (2005) The Maritime Political Boundaries of

the World (Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers), at pp.239-241.

Beckman, R., and Schofield, C. (2009) “Moving Beyond Disputes Over Island

Sovereignty: ICJ Decision Sets Stage for Maritime Boundary Delimita[1]tion in the Singapore Strait”, Ocean Development and International Law,

Vol. 40:1: 1-35, at p. 5.

Sobey, R. J., (2005). Extreme low and high water levels, Coastal Engineering,

Vol. 52, p. 65.

Carleton, C.M. and Schofield, C.H. (2001) Developments in the Technical Deter[1]mination of Maritime Space: Charts, Datums, Baselines, Maritime Zones

and Limits, Maritime Briefing, 3, 3, Durham: International Boundaries

Research Unit, at p.62.

Pruett, L. 2004. Area Calculations of the Claims and Potential Claims to Off[1]shore Jurisdictional Zones and High Seas, unpublished data derived

from the August 2003 Edition of the Global Maritime Boundaries Data[1]base, General Dynamics, Herndon, VA, USA, in Prescott, V. and Schofield,

C. 2005. The Maritime Political Boundaries of the World, 2nd edition,

Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, p. 9, 27

Prescott, JRV. and Schofield, C., (2005). The Maritime Political Boundaries of the

World, Second Edition, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden/Boston, 218

Reed, M. Shore and sea boundaries: the development of international maritime

boundary principles through United States practice, (Washington D.C.: US

Department of Commerce, 2000), at 185; Prescott and Schofield, Mari[1]time Political boundaries of the World, supra note 22, at 100-101.

Hirst, W. and Robertson, D., “Geographic Information Systems, Charts and

UNCLOS – Can They Live Together?”, Maritime Studies, 136 (May-June

2004), at 1-6.

Schofield, C.H. ‘Shifting Limits?: Sea Level Rise and Options to Secure Mari- time Jurisdictional Claims’(2009) 4 Carbon and Climate Law Review, pp.405-16, at pp.409-410.

Carleton, C.M. and Schofield, C.H. (2001) Developments in the Technical Deter- mination of Maritime Space: Charts, Datums, Baselines, Maritime Zones

and Limits, Maritime Briefing, 3, 3, Durham: International Boundaries

Research Unit, at p.62.

Patel, S. S. (2006) A Sinking Feeling, Nature Vol. 44, 6 April 2006, p. 734.

Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, opened for signa- ture 26 December 1933, 165 LNTS 19 (entered into force 26 December

1934), Article 1.

Prescott, JRV. and Schofield, C., (2005). The Maritime Political Boundaries of

the World, Second Edition, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden/Boston,

pp. 84-85.

Brown, J., et al. (1991), Case Studies in Oceanography and Marine Affairs, Per[1]gamon Press, Oxford, pp. 84-85.

Articles

Airoldi, L., et al. (2005). An Ecological Perspective on the Deployment and De[1]sign of Low-Crested and Other Hard Coastal Defence Structures, Coastal

Engineering Volume 52, 1073– 1087.

Soons, A., (1990). The Effects of Sea Level Rise on Maritime Limits and Boundar- ies, Netherlands International Law Review 207.

Dupont, A. (2008) The Strategic Implications of Climate Change, Survival, Vol[1]ume 50: 3, p.36.

Conference Paper

Schofield, C. and Arsana, I M. A., Imaginary Islands? Options to Preserve Mari[1]time Jurisdictional Entitlements and Provide Stable Maritime Limits in

the Face of Coastal Instability, Ablos Conference, Monaco, 25-27 Octo[1]ber 2010.

Kenchington, R., (2009). Maintaining Coastal and Lagoonal Ecosystem and Pro[1]ductivity. In: Hiroshi Terashima (ed.), Proceedings of the International

Symposium of Islands and Oceans, Ocean Policy Research Foundation,

Tokyo, pp. 3-5

Internet

ABC News, Pacific islands growing, not sinking. Available at

abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/06/03/2916873.htm> (last access on

28 August 2010).

ABS News, 2007. Indonesia May Lose 2,000 Islands to Warming: Minister

Says Climate Change Could Lead To Rising Sea Levels, Accessed from <

http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16867998/ns/world_news-world_envi[1]ronment/#.UhiUEj8vnDY>, on 15 August 2013.

Reuters 2007. Climate change may wipe some Indonesian islands off map, Ac[1]cessed from on 10

March 2011

The Times Online 2009. EU’s new figurehead believes climate change is a

myth, The Times Online 2 January 2009. Diakses dari

timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5430362.ece> tang- gal 3 Maret 2011.

Daily Mail 2007. Greenhouse effect is a myth, say scientists. Diakses dari

tanggal 15 Maret 2011

Presiden RI 2011. Presiden Hadiri Pencanangan Gerakan Nasional Mengha- dapi Anomali Iklim. Diakses dari < http://www.presidenri.go.id/index.

php/fokus/2011/01/14/6347.html> tanggal 5 Maret 2011.

IPCC 2007. IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Diakses dari

www.ipcc.ch/#> tanggal 12 Maret 2011.

CSIRO 2009. The science of climate change, CSIRO. Diakses dari

csiro.au/files/files/poqu.pdf> tanggal 12 March 2011.

The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4), available on the internet at,

(last accessed 21 November 2009).

Department of Climate Change 2009. Climate Change Risks to Australia’s

Coast: A First Pass National Assessment available at .

Antara 2008 2000. Pulau Akan Tenggelam pada 2030. Diakses dari

www.antaranews.com/view/?i=1204115346&c=WBM&s=> tanggal 10

Maret 2011

Climate Kelpie 2010. Climate variability and climate change - what’s the differ- ence? Diakses dari

Leahy, F.J., Murphy, B. A., Collier, P. A., and Mitchell, D. J., (2001). Uncertainty

Issues in the Geodetic Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries, Proceeding

of the 2001 ABLOS Conference. Available at

edu.au/ablos/ABLOS01Folder/LEAHY.PDF> (last accessed 29 August

2010).

Wade, M. (2009) Rising sea level settles border dispute, The Sydney Morning

Herald. Available at

html> (last access on 28 August 2010)

Download

Share

COinS