•  
  •  
 

Abstract

Nothing in the Uruguay Round mentions directly about rights of private economic actors. It seems that the relationship to private economic actors (or may be individual) does not exist within the WTO Agreements, because as a general rule, private parties are not legal subjects of the international legal order. However, this article will prevail upon this situation, by looking closer at the essence of the WTO Agreements to discern the rights of private economic actors that derive from the WTO. The main question of this article is to what extent then Indonesia is dealing with the rights of private economic actors under the WTO Agreements? The background of this questionis because four years after ratifying the WTO Agreements, Indonesia has been facing what is arguably the most serious multidimensional crisis in 1997, some difficult situations have arisen from the crisis; therefore, the society hesitated to accept the open world trading system. The society seemed look askance to the implementation of the WTO Agreements. But Indonesian Government took major step to reduce the skepticism of society toward liberalization, by readjusting its national laws conform to the WTO Agreements with the intention to support the rights of national economic actors under the WTO Agreements in order to achieve total benefits of the WTO rules.

References

Books and Articles

Anderson, Robert D., and Wager, Hannu. (2006).Human Rights, Development,

and the WTO: the Case of Intellectual Property and Competition Policy,

Journal of International Economic Law September 2006, Oxford Univer[1]sity Press Altvater, E.

The Future of the Market: An Essay on the Regulation of Money and Nature after

the Collapse of Actually Existing Socialism, Verso press – London.

Al’Afghani, Mohamad Mova.(2006).Constitutional Court’s Review and the Fu[1]ture of Water Law in Indonesia, the Law Environment and Development

Journal 2 (1), London/New Delhi.

Bank Indonesia. (1995). Rezim Investasi di Indonesia dalam Kaitannya dengan

Perjanjian Hasil Uruguay Round, Ed. by H.S. Kartadjoemena,

Beaulieu, Eugene. (2008). ‘Trade in Service’, in Handbook on International

Trade Policy, Ed. by William A. Kerr and James D. Gaisford, UK: Edward

Elgar.

Berry, Albert, Rodriguez, Edgard, and Sandee, Henry.(2002). ‘Firm and Group

Dynamics in the Small and Medium Enterprise Sector in Indonesia’, in

Small Firm Dynamism in East Asia, Ed. By Farrukh Iqbal and Shujiro Ura- ta, Netherland: Kluwer Academic Publisher.

Biadgleng, Ermias Tekeste. (2008). ‘The Development Balance of the TRIPS

Agreement and Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights’, in Inter- preting and Implementing the TRIPS Agreement Is It Fair?, Ed. by Justin

Malbon and Charles Lawson, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Bosche, Peter Van den. (2005).The Law and Policy of the World Trade Organi- zation: Text, Cases and Materials, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Carbaugh, Robert J. (2009).International Economics 12thedition,USA: South[1]Western Cengage Learning.

Charnovitz, Steve. (2001).The WTO and The Rights of Individual, Journal of In- tereconomics Vol. March/April, Springer-Verlag.

Charnovitz, Steve. (2001).Economic and Social Actors in the World Trade Or- ganization, ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, Spring,

2001, Florida.

Christoph, Antons. (1991).The Development of Intellectual Property Law in

Indonesia: From Colonial to National Law , in 22 International Review

of Industrial Property and Copyright Law, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft –

Frankfurt.

Cooper, Richard N. (1967).National Economic Policy in An Interdependent

World Economy, Yale Law Journal June 1967.

Davey, W.J. ‘Dispute Settlement Practice Relating to GATT 1994’, in The WTO

Dispute Settlement System 1995-2003 (Studies in Transnational Eco- nomic Law Vol. 18), Ed. by Federic Ortino and Ernst-Urlich Petersmann,

Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.

Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights in Indonesia, Report Prepared By

DGIPR Indonesia, available at http://www.ecapproject.org.

European Communities - Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of

Bananas - AB-1997-3 - Report of the Appellate Body, (WT/DS27/AB/R),

09-09-1997,

Fidler, David P., Drager, Nick, Correa, Carlos and Aginam, Obijiofor. (2006).

‘Making Commitments in Health Services under the GATS: Legal Dimen- sions, in International Trade in Health Services and The GATS: Current Is- sues and Debates, Ed. by Chantal Blouin, Nick Drager and Richard Smith,

the World Bank.

Hadiz, Vedi R. (2004). ‘The failure of State Ideology in Indonesia: the Rise and

Demise of Pancasila’, in Communitarian Politics in Asia, Ed. by Ben Huat

Chua, Routledge – London.

Henkin, Louis.(1995).International Law: Politics and Values, Netherland: Mar- tinus Nijhoff Publisher.

Hill, Hal. (2001).Small and Medium Enterprises in Indonesia: Old Policy Chal- lenges for a New Administration, Asian Survey, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Mar. - Apr.,

2001), Published by: University of California Press.

Hoekman, Bernard M.(2002). ‘The WTO: Function and Basic Principles’, in

Development Trade, and the WTO: A Handbook, Ed. by Bernard M. Hoek- man, Aaditya Matoo and Philip English, Washington DC: The World

Bank.

Jackson, John H.(1997).The World Trading System: Law and Policy of Interna- tional Economic Law (second Edition), Massachusetts Institutes of Tech[1]nology – Press.

Jackson, John H. (1995).International Economic Law: Reflections on the “Boil[1]erroom” of International Relations, 10 American University Journal In[1]ternational Law – Washington.

Jackson, John H. (1990).Restructuring the GATT System, Great Britain, UK:Royal

Institute of International Affairs.

Jackson, John H. (2006).Sovereignty, the WTO and Changing Fundamentals of

International Law, Cambridge University Press.

Kartadjoemena, H.S. (2005). ‘Country Report: Indonesia’, in The World Trade

Organization: Legal, Economic and Political Analysis Volume I, Ed. by

Patrick F.J. Macrory, Arthur E. Appleton and Michael G. Plumer, New

York:Springer Science + Business Media Inc.

Kartadjoemena, H.S.,(1991),Services Agreement in the Uruguay Round: A Pre[1]liminary Assesment of What Could be Expected by SEACEN Countries,

Keynote Speech by Ambassador H.S. Kartadjoemena on the Occasion

of the SEACEN Central Bank Governors Conference, Jakarta January 30.

Kartadjoemena, H.S. ‘Indonesia’s Trade Policy: Problems and Options’, Select[1]ed Key Policy Issues in the Indonesian Economy, Ed. by H.S. Kartadjoeme[1]na, Springer - Verlag.

Kohona, Palitha T.B.(1985), The Regulation International Economic Relations

through Law, Netherlands:Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.

Kong, Qinjiang. (2002).China and the World Trade Organization: a Legal Per- spective, UK: World Scientific Publishing.

Kunig, Philip, Lau, Niels and Meng, Werner. (1993).International Economic

Law : Basic Documents, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.

Lowenfeld, Andreas F. (2008).International Economic Law, Second Edition, in

International Economic Law Series, UK: Oxford – University Press.

Love, Patrick and Lattimore, Ralph. (2009).International Trade: Free, Fair and

Open?, OECD INSIGHTS.

MacDonald, Kate, and Woolcock, Stephen. (2007). ‘Non-State Actors in Eco- nomic Diplomacy’, in The New Economic Diplomacy : Decision Making

and Negotiation in International economic Relations (Second Edition),

Ed. by Nicholas Bayne and Stephen Woolcock (eds.),UK: Ashgate Pub- lishing Co.

Makarczyk, Jerzy. (1988).Principles of a New International Economic Order: A

Study of International Law in the Making, The Netherlands: Martinus

Nijhoff Publisher.

Marsh, S.B. and Soulsby, J. (2002).Business Law: Eight Edition, Nelson Thomas

Ltd – UK.

Naverson, Jan, “Democracy and Economic Rights”, in Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred

D. Miller Jr.And Jeffrey Paul. (eds.)(1992).Economic Rights, USA: Cam- bridge University Press & Social Philosophy and Policy Foundation.

North, Douglass and Weingast, Barry. (1989). ‘Constitution and Commitment:

the Evolution of Institution Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth Cen- tury England’, 4 Journal of Economic History 49, Cambridge University

Press.

OECD. (2001). Trade in Services: Negotiating Issues and Approaches, OECD

Publications Services.

Ostrihansky, R. (1991).Settlement of Interstate Trade Disputes – The Role of

Law and Legal Procedures, in Netherland Yearbook of International Law

1991, vol. XXII, The Hague.

Owen, Darrel E., Sulaiman, Idris F., Baldia, Sonia and Mintz, Steven P., (2001),

Indonesia-Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) Assess[1]ment: Technical Report of January 16- February 5, USAID/ECG, Jakarta

Indonesia.

Petersmann, E.U. (2005). “Bridging Foundations – Human Rights and Inter[1]national Trade Law: Defining and Connecting the Two Fields”, Human

Right and International Trade, Ed. by Thomas Cottier, Joost Pauwelyn

and Elisabeth Burgi, Oxford University Press – UK.

Petersmann, E.U. (2000). “Judicial Protection of Economic Freedom in Nation[1]al and International Law: Time for Bringing Rights Home”, in Judicial

Review in International

Perspective (Liber Amicorum, in Honour of Lord Slynn of Hadley), Ed. By Mads

Andenas and Duncan Fairgrieve, Netherland: Kluwer Law International.

Petersmann, E.U. (2008). ‘Constitutionalism and WTO Law: From a State Cen[1]tered Approach Towards a Human Rights Approach in International

Economic Law’, in The Political Economy of International Trade Law (Es[1]says in Honor of Robert E. Hudec), Ed. by Daniel L. M. Kennedy and James

D. Southwick, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Qureshi, Asif H. (2006).Interpreting WTO Agreements: Problems and Perspec[1]tive, Cambridge University Press.

Report of State Ministry of Co-operatives and Small/Medium Enterprises,

(2001), Co-operative and Small/Medium Enterprises Development in In[1]donesia, 3 Journal of Economic Cooperation no. 22.

Rickettss, Martin. (2006). “Economic Regulations: Principles, History and

Methods”, in International Handbook on Economic Regulation, Ed. by

Michael Crew and David Parker (eds), UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Sanson, Michelle. (2002).Essential International Trade Law, Australia: Caven[1]dish Publishing.

Schaffer, Gregory. (2007). ‘Public and Private Partnerships in WTO Dispute

Settlement: the US and EU Experience’, in The WTO in the Twenty-First

Century: Dispute Settlement, Negotiations and Regionalism in Asia, Ed.

by Yasuhei Taniguchi, Alan Yanovich and Jan Bohanes, UK: Cambridge

University Press.

Shell, G. Richard. (1995).Trade Legalism and International Relations Theory:

An Analysis of the World Trade Organization, 44 DUKE Law Journal.

Strange, Susan, (1992), States, Firms, and Diplomacy, International Affairs,

Vol. 68, no.1, London.

Stoll, Peter-Tobias and Schofkopf, Franck. (2006).WTO, World Economic Order,

World Trade Law, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.

Sykes, Alan O.(2005). ‘International Trade and Human Rights: An Economic

Perspective’, in International Trade and Human Rights: Foundations

and Conceptual Issues, Ed. by Frederick M. Abbott, Christine Breining[1]Kaufmann, and Thomas Cottier, World Trade Forum, Vol.5, University

of Michigan Press – Ann Arbor, Chapter 4.

Theemat, Pieter Verloren. (1981). The Changing Structure of International

Economic Law, Netherland:Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.

The Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

– In Equity, ‘in the case of Laura Keene vs. Wheatley & Clarke’, collected

by Asa I. Fish and Henry Wharton (eds), (1861), The American Law Reg[1]ister Vol. IX, D.B. Canfield & Co. Goldsmiths Hall, US: Library Street.

The WTO Data, Indonesia, available at http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/

WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Language=E&Country=ID

The ministry of trade provide information and opportunity to request and to

comment on drafts laws and legislative for businesses and enterprises,

available at http://www.kemendag.go.id/en/perdagangan-kita/

Trachtman, Joel P. (1996).The International Economic Law Revolution, 17 Uni[1]versity Pennsylvania Journal International Economic Law.

Tambunan, Tulus. (2009).Facilitating Small and Medium Enterprises in Inter[1]national Trade (Export): The Case of Indonesia, Paper Presented in Asia[1]Pacific Trade Economists’ Conference: ‘Trade Led Growth in Time of

Crisis’, UN-ESCAP, 9 November 2009, p. 21-22.

Voitovich, Sergei A. (1995).International Economic Organizations in the Inter[1]national Legal Process, Netherland: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.

Zamora, Stephen. (1996).Introduction: International Economic Law, Universi[1]ty of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, Spring 1996.

Year 2 Vol. 3, September - December 2012 INDONESIA Law Review

~ 363 ~

Legal Documents

General Agreement on Trade in Services, Article VI available at http://www.

wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/26-gats.pdf, last visited 12 April 2010.

General Assembly Resolution, A/RES/S-6/3201, Declaration on the Establish[1]ment of a New International Economic Order (NIEO), 1 May 1974

GATS Annex on Movement of Natural Persons Supplying services Under

the Agreement, available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/

legal_e/26-gats.pdf

Ministerial Decree No. M/11/PR/07/06/2003 available at http://www.legal[1]itas.org/database/puu/2003/kepmenkehM11-2003.pdf

The WTO Annex 1C, Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual

Property Rights, available at http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/

legal_e/27-trips.pdf, last visited 12 April 2010.

The United States of Uruguay Round Agreements Act, P.L. 103-465, 19 U.S.C.§§

3501.

Undang-undang No. 25 tahun 2007 tentang Penanaman Modal, see also Nus[1]antara Network, Indonesia’s Investment Law 2007, available at: http://

www.fdi.net/documents/WorldBank/databases/indonesi/indonesia_

investment_law_07.pdf

Website

“Saling Tuding di Balik Investasi”, available at http://www.media-indonesia.

com

“Dua Partai Politik Menolak Undang-undang” available at: www//tempoin[1]teractive.co

Download

Share

COinS