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Abstract

Abstract

Law No. 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Penal Code expands criminal liability to include entities that do not possess legal personality, allowing informal entities such as commanditaire vennootschappen (CV), partnerships (firm), unincorporated business groups, and unregistered associations to be prosecuted as corporations. This expansion aims to close legal loopholes in addressing modern criminal activity and to align Indonesia with global developments in corporate criminal liability. However, extending criminal liability to non legal persons generates conceptual tension because Indonesian legal doctrine distinguishes between natural persons and legal persons, which possess legal personality, decision making organs, separate assets, and autonomous capacity that enable the attribution of criminal intent. Unincorporated business entities such as partnerships and limited partnerships do not have these characteristics and therefore liability should remain individual in nature. This inconsistency creates several normative and practical concerns, including inconsistent attribution of responsibility, uncertainty in asset execution, difficulties in establishing collective mens rea, and risks of overcriminalization that undermine legal certainty, regulatory efficiency, and market predictability. This study employs a doctrinal legal method. The findings indicate that corporate criminal liability should be limited to entities with formal legal personality, such as limited liability companies, foundations, cooperatives, and public legal bodies, in order to maintain legal certainty and consistent attribution of criminal responsibility.

Keywords: corporate criminal liability, unincorporated legal personality, legal certainty, legal personality, Indonesian criminal law, economic law, 2023 Penal Code

Bahasa Abstract

Abstrak

Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana memperluas pertanggungjawaban pidana dengan mencakup entitas yang tidak memiliki kepribadian hukum, sehingga memungkinkan entitas informal seperti commanditaire vennootschappen (CV), persekutuan firma, kelompok usaha tidak berbadan hukum, dan perkumpulan tidak terdaftar untuk dituntut sebagai korporasi. Perluasan ini bertujuan untuk menutup celah hukum dalam penanggulangan tindak pidana modern serta menyelaraskan hukum pidana Indonesia dengan perkembangan global dalam pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi. Namun demikian, perluasan pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap entitas non-badan hukum menimbulkan ketegangan konseptual karena doktrin hukum Indonesia secara tradisional membedakan antara orang perseorangan dan badan hukum. Badan hukum memiliki kepribadian hukum, organ pengambilan keputusan, pemisahan kekayaan, serta kapasitas otonom yang memungkinkan adanya atribusi kehendak dan niat jahat pidana. Entitas usaha tidak berbadan hukum, seperti firma dan persekutuan komanditer, tidak memiliki karakteristik tersebut, sehingga pertanggungjawaban pidana pada entitas semacam ini pada prinsipnya seharusnya tetap bersifat individual. Ketidakkonsistenan doktrinal ini menimbulkan berbagai persoalan normatif dan praktis, antara lain ketidakjelasan dalam atribusi tanggung jawab, ketidakpastian dalam pelaksanaan eksekusi terhadap harta kekayaan, kesulitan dalam pembuktian mens rea kolektif, serta risiko kriminalisasi berlebihan yang pada akhirnya mereduksi kepastian hukum, efisiensi regulasi, dan prediktabilitas pasar. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum doktrinal. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi seharusnya dibatasi pada entitas yang memiliki kepribadian hukum formal, seperti perseroan terbatas, yayasan, koperasi, dan badan hukum publik, guna menjaga kepastian hukum dan konsistensi dalam atribusi pertanggungjawaban pidana.

Kata kunci: pertanggungjawaban pidana korporasi, kepribadian hukum non-badan hukum, kepastian hukum, kepribadian hukum, hukum pidana Indonesia, hukum ekonomi, KUHP 2023.

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